CHEMICAL PRINCIPLES (LL) W/ACCESS
CHEMICAL PRINCIPLES (LL) W/ACCESS
7th Edition
ISBN: 9781319421175
Author: ATKINS
Publisher: MAC HIGHER
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Chapter 4, Problem 4J.16E

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The stability of C3H6(g) with respect to its elements has to be predicted.

Concept Introduction:

The importance of Gibbs energy is that it gives information about the spontaneity of the reaction or a process at constant temperature and pressure.  A compound is considered thermodynamically stable when it has negative Gibbs free energy of formation.  The relation to determine Gibbs free energy of a reaction is shown below.

ΔG°=nΔGf(products)nΔGf(reactants)

(a)

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Answer to Problem 4J.16E

C3H6(g) is a stable compound with respect toits elements.

Explanation of Solution

The chemical equation for the formation of C3H6(g) from its elements is shown below.

    3C(s)+6H(g)C3H6(g)

The relation for the calculation of standard Gibbs free energy for the given reaction is shown below.

    ΔG°={(1mol)×ΔGf(C3H6,g)}{(3mol)×ΔGf(C,s)+(6mol)×ΔGf(H,g)}        (1)

Where,

  • ΔGf(C,s) is the standard Gibbs free energy of formation of C(s).
  • ΔGf(H,g) is the standard Gibbs free energy of formation of H(g).
  • ΔGf(C3H6,g) is the standard Gibbs free energy of formation of C3H6(g).

The value of ΔGf(C,s) is 0.0kJmol1.

The value of ΔGf(H,g) is +203.25kJmol1.

The value of ΔGf(C3H6,g) is +104.45kJmol1.

Substitute the value of ΔGf(H,g), ΔGf(C,s) and ΔGf(C3H6,g) in equation (1).

    ΔG°={(1mol)×(+104.45kJmol1)}{(3mol)×(0.0kJmol1)+(6mol)×(+203.25kJmol1)}={+104.45kJ}{1219.5kJ}=1115.05kJ

The calculated value of ΔG° is negative, it indicates that the formation of C3H6(g) from its elements is spontaneous at 25°C.

Thus, with respect to its elements C3H6(g) is a stable compound.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The stability of CaO(s) with respect to its elements has to be predicted.

Concept Introduction:

Same as part (a).

(b)

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Answer to Problem 4J.16E

CaO(s) is astable compound with respect to its elements.

Explanation of Solution

The chemical equation for the formation of CaO(s) from its elements is shown below.

    Ca(s)+O(g)CaO(s)

The relation for the calculation of standard Gibbs free energy for the given reaction is shown below.

    ΔG°={(1mol)×ΔGf(CaO,s)}{(1mol)×ΔGf(Ca,s)+(1mol)×ΔGf(O,g)}        (2)

Where,

  • ΔGf(Ca,s) is the standard Gibbs free energy of formation of Ca(s).
  • ΔGf(O,g) is the standard Gibbs free energy of formation of O(g).
  • ΔGf(CaO,s) is the standard Gibbs free energy of formation of CaO(s).

The value of ΔGf(Ca,s) is 0.0kJmol1.

The value of ΔGf(O,g) is +231.73kJmol1.

The value of ΔGf(CaO,s) is 604.03kJmol1.

Substitute the value of ΔGf(Ca,s), ΔGf(O,g) and ΔGf(CaO,s) in equation (2).

    ΔG°={(1mol)×(604.03kJmol1)}{(1mol)×(0.0kJmol1)+(1mol)×(+231.73kJmol1)}={604.03kJ}{+231.73kJ}=835.76kJ

The calculated value of ΔG° is negative, it indicates that the formation of CaO(s) from its elements is spontaneous at 25°C.

Thus, with respect to its elements CaO(s) is a stable compound.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The stability of N2O(g) with respect to its elements has to be predicted.

Concept Introduction:

Same as part (a).

(c)

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Answer to Problem 4J.16E

N2O(g) is a stable compound with respect to its elements.

Explanation of Solution

The chemical equation for the formation of N2O(g) from its elements is shown below.

    2N(g)+O(g)N2O(g)

The relation for the calculation of standard Gibbs free energy for the given reaction is shown below.

    ΔG°={(1mol)×ΔGf(N2O,g)}{(2mol)×ΔGf(N,g)+(1mol)×ΔGf(O,g)}        (3)

Where,

  • ΔGf(N,g) is the standard Gibbs free energy of formation of N(g).
  • ΔGf(O,g) is the standard Gibbs free energy of formation of O(g).
  • ΔGf(N2O,g) is the standard Gibbs free energy of formation of N2O(g).

The value of ΔGf(N,g) is +455.56kJmol1.

The value of ΔGf(O,g) is +231.73kJmol1.

The value of ΔGf(N2O,g) is +104.20kJmol1.

Substitute the value of ΔGf(N,g), ΔGf(O,g) and ΔGf(N2O,g) in equation (3).

    ΔG°={(1mol)×(+104.20kJmol1)}{(1mol)×(+455.56kJmol1)+(1mol)×(+231.73kJmol1)}={+104.20kJ}{+455.56kJ+231.73kJ}=583.09kJ

The calculated value of ΔG° is negative, it indicates that the formation of N2O(g) from its elements is spontaneous at 25°C.

Thus, with respect to its elements N2O(g) is astable compound.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The stability of HN3(g) with respect to its elements has to be predicted.

Concept Introduction:

Same as part (a).

(d)

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Answer to Problem 4J.16E

HN3(g) is a stable compound with respect to its elements.

Explanation of Solution

The chemical equation for the formation of HN3(g) from its elements is shown below.

    H(g)+3N(g)HN3(g)

The relation for the calculation of standard Gibbs free energy for the given reaction is shown below.

    ΔG°={(1mol)×ΔGf(HN3,g)}{(1mol)×ΔGf(H,g)+(3mol)×ΔGf(N,g)}        (4)

Where,

  • ΔGf(H,g) is the standard Gibbs free energy of formation of H(g).
  • ΔGf(N,g) is the standard Gibbs free energy of formation of N(g).
  • ΔGf(HN3,g) is the standard Gibbs free energy of formation of HN3(g).

The value of ΔGf(H,g) is +203.25kJmol1.

The value of ΔGf(N,g) is +455.56kJmol1.

The value of ΔGf(HN3,g) is +328.1kJmol1.

Substitute the value of ΔGf(N,g), ΔGf(H,g) and ΔGf(HN3,g) in equation (4).

    ΔG°={(1mol)×(+328.1kJmol1)}{(1mol)×(+203.25kJmol1)+(3mol)×(+455.56kJmol1)}={+328.1kJ}{203.25kJ+1366.68kJ}=1241.83kJ

The calculated value of ΔG° is negative, it indicates that the formation of HN3(g) from its elements is spontaneous at 25°C.

Thus, with respect to its elements HN3(g) is a stable compound.

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Chapter 4 Solutions

CHEMICAL PRINCIPLES (LL) W/ACCESS

Ch. 4 - Prob. 4A.3ECh. 4 - Prob. 4A.4ECh. 4 - Prob. 4A.5ECh. 4 - Prob. 4A.6ECh. 4 - Prob. 4A.7ECh. 4 - Prob. 4A.8ECh. 4 - Prob. 4A.9ECh. 4 - Prob. 4A.10ECh. 4 - Prob. 4A.11ECh. 4 - Prob. 4A.12ECh. 4 - Prob. 4A.13ECh. 4 - Prob. 4A.14ECh. 4 - Prob. 4B.1ASTCh. 4 - Prob. 4B.1BSTCh. 4 - Prob. 4B.2ASTCh. 4 - Prob. 4B.2BSTCh. 4 - Prob. 4B.3ASTCh. 4 - Prob. 4B.3BSTCh. 4 - Prob. 4B.1ECh. 4 - Prob. 4B.2ECh. 4 - Prob. 4B.3ECh. 4 - Prob. 4B.4ECh. 4 - Prob. 4B.5ECh. 4 - Prob. 4B.6ECh. 4 - Prob. 4B.7ECh. 4 - Prob. 4B.8ECh. 4 - Prob. 4B.9ECh. 4 - Prob. 4B.10ECh. 4 - Prob. 4B.11ECh. 4 - Prob. 4B.12ECh. 4 - Prob. 4B.13ECh. 4 - Prob. 4B.14ECh. 4 - Prob. 4B.15ECh. 4 - Prob. 4B.16ECh. 4 - Prob. 4C.1ASTCh. 4 - Prob. 4C.1BSTCh. 4 - Prob. 4C.2ASTCh. 4 - Prob. 4C.2BSTCh. 4 - Prob. 4C.3ASTCh. 4 - Prob. 4C.3BSTCh. 4 - Prob. 4C.4ASTCh. 4 - Prob. 4C.4BSTCh. 4 - Prob. 4C.1ECh. 4 - Prob. 4C.2ECh. 4 - Prob. 4C.3ECh. 4 - Prob. 4C.4ECh. 4 - Prob. 4C.5ECh. 4 - Prob. 4C.6ECh. 4 - Prob. 4C.7ECh. 4 - Prob. 4C.8ECh. 4 - Prob. 4C.9ECh. 4 - Prob. 4C.10ECh. 4 - Prob. 4C.11ECh. 4 - Prob. 4C.12ECh. 4 - Prob. 4C.13ECh. 4 - Prob. 4C.14ECh. 4 - Prob. 4C.15ECh. 4 - Prob. 4C.16ECh. 4 - Prob. 4D.1ASTCh. 4 - Prob. 4D.1BSTCh. 4 - Prob. 4D.2ASTCh. 4 - Prob. 4D.2BSTCh. 4 - Prob. 4D.3ASTCh. 4 - Prob. 4D.3BSTCh. 4 - Prob. 4D.4ASTCh. 4 - Prob. 4D.4BSTCh. 4 - Prob. 4D.5ASTCh. 4 - Prob. 4D.5BSTCh. 4 - Prob. 4D.6ASTCh. 4 - Prob. 4D.6BSTCh. 4 - Prob. 4D.7ASTCh. 4 - Prob. 4D.7BSTCh. 4 - Prob. 4D.1ECh. 4 - Prob. 4D.2ECh. 4 - Prob. 4D.3ECh. 4 - Prob. 4D.4ECh. 4 - Prob. 4D.5ECh. 4 - Prob. 4D.6ECh. 4 - Prob. 4D.7ECh. 4 - Prob. 4D.8ECh. 4 - Prob. 4D.10ECh. 4 - Prob. 4D.11ECh. 4 - Prob. 4D.13ECh. 4 - Prob. 4D.14ECh. 4 - Prob. 4D.15ECh. 4 - Prob. 4D.16ECh. 4 - Prob. 4D.17ECh. 4 - Prob. 4D.18ECh. 4 - Prob. 4D.19ECh. 4 - Prob. 4D.20ECh. 4 - Prob. 4D.21ECh. 4 - Prob. 4D.22ECh. 4 - Prob. 4D.23ECh. 4 - Prob. 4D.24ECh. 4 - Prob. 4D.25ECh. 4 - Prob. 4D.26ECh. 4 - Prob. 4D.29ECh. 4 - Prob. 4D.30ECh. 4 - Prob. 4E.1ASTCh. 4 - Prob. 4E.1BSTCh. 4 - Prob. 4E.2ASTCh. 4 - Prob. 4E.2BSTCh. 4 - Prob. 4E.5ECh. 4 - Prob. 4E.6ECh. 4 - Prob. 4E.7ECh. 4 - Prob. 4E.8ECh. 4 - Prob. 4E.9ECh. 4 - Prob. 4E.10ECh. 4 - Prob. 4F.1ASTCh. 4 - Prob. 4F.1BSTCh. 4 - Prob. 4F.2ASTCh. 4 - Prob. 4F.2BSTCh. 4 - Prob. 4F.3ASTCh. 4 - Prob. 4F.3BSTCh. 4 - Prob. 4F.4ASTCh. 4 - Prob. 4F.4BSTCh. 4 - Prob. 4F.5ASTCh. 4 - Prob. 4F.5BSTCh. 4 - Prob. 4F.6ASTCh. 4 - Prob. 4F.6BSTCh. 4 - Prob. 4F.7ASTCh. 4 - Prob. 4F.7BSTCh. 4 - Prob. 4F.8ASTCh. 4 - Prob. 4F.8BSTCh. 4 - Prob. 4F.9ASTCh. 4 - Prob. 4F.9BSTCh. 4 - Prob. 4F.1ECh. 4 - Prob. 4F.2ECh. 4 - Prob. 4F.3ECh. 4 - Prob. 4F.4ECh. 4 - Prob. 4F.5ECh. 4 - Prob. 4F.6ECh. 4 - Prob. 4F.7ECh. 4 - Prob. 4F.9ECh. 4 - Prob. 4F.10ECh. 4 - Prob. 4F.11ECh. 4 - Prob. 4F.12ECh. 4 - Prob. 4F.13ECh. 4 - Prob. 4F.14ECh. 4 - Prob. 4F.15ECh. 4 - Prob. 4F.16ECh. 4 - Prob. 4F.17ECh. 4 - Prob. 4G.1ASTCh. 4 - Prob. 4G.1BSTCh. 4 - Prob. 4G.2ASTCh. 4 - Prob. 4G.2BSTCh. 4 - Prob. 4G.1ECh. 4 - Prob. 4G.2ECh. 4 - Prob. 4G.3ECh. 4 - Prob. 4G.5ECh. 4 - Prob. 4G.7ECh. 4 - Prob. 4G.8ECh. 4 - Prob. 4G.9ECh. 4 - Prob. 4G.10ECh. 4 - Prob. 4H.1ASTCh. 4 - Prob. 4H.1BSTCh. 4 - Prob. 4H.2ASTCh. 4 - Prob. 4H.2BSTCh. 4 - Prob. 4H.1ECh. 4 - Prob. 4H.2ECh. 4 - Prob. 4H.3ECh. 4 - Prob. 4H.4ECh. 4 - Prob. 4H.5ECh. 4 - Prob. 4H.6ECh. 4 - Prob. 4H.7ECh. 4 - Prob. 4H.8ECh. 4 - Prob. 4H.9ECh. 4 - Prob. 4H.10ECh. 4 - Prob. 4H.11ECh. 4 - Prob. 4I.1ASTCh. 4 - Prob. 4I.1BSTCh. 4 - Prob. 4I.2ASTCh. 4 - Prob. 4I.2BSTCh. 4 - Prob. 4I.3ASTCh. 4 - Prob. 4I.3BSTCh. 4 - Prob. 4I.4ASTCh. 4 - Prob. 4I.4BSTCh. 4 - Prob. 4I.1ECh. 4 - Prob. 4I.2ECh. 4 - Prob. 4I.3ECh. 4 - Prob. 4I.4ECh. 4 - Prob. 4I.5ECh. 4 - Prob. 4I.6ECh. 4 - Prob. 4I.7ECh. 4 - Prob. 4I.8ECh. 4 - Prob. 4I.9ECh. 4 - Prob. 4I.10ECh. 4 - Prob. 4I.11ECh. 4 - Prob. 4I.12ECh. 4 - Prob. 4J.1ASTCh. 4 - Prob. 4J.1BSTCh. 4 - Prob. 4J.2ASTCh. 4 - Prob. 4J.2BSTCh. 4 - Prob. 4J.3ASTCh. 4 - Prob. 4J.3BSTCh. 4 - Prob. 4J.4ASTCh. 4 - Prob. 4J.4BSTCh. 4 - Prob. 4J.5ASTCh. 4 - Prob. 4J.5BSTCh. 4 - Prob. 4J.6ASTCh. 4 - Prob. 4J.6BSTCh. 4 - Prob. 4J.1ECh. 4 - Prob. 4J.2ECh. 4 - Prob. 4J.3ECh. 4 - Prob. 4J.4ECh. 4 - Prob. 4J.5ECh. 4 - Prob. 4J.6ECh. 4 - Prob. 4J.7ECh. 4 - Prob. 4J.8ECh. 4 - Prob. 4J.9ECh. 4 - Prob. 4J.11ECh. 4 - Prob. 4J.12ECh. 4 - Prob. 4J.13ECh. 4 - Prob. 4J.14ECh. 4 - Prob. 4J.15ECh. 4 - Prob. 4J.16ECh. 4 - Prob. 4.8ECh. 4 - Prob. 4.14ECh. 4 - Prob. 4.16ECh. 4 - Prob. 4.19ECh. 4 - Prob. 4.20ECh. 4 - Prob. 4.21ECh. 4 - Prob. 4.23ECh. 4 - Prob. 4.25ECh. 4 - Prob. 4.27ECh. 4 - Prob. 4.28ECh. 4 - Prob. 4.29ECh. 4 - Prob. 4.30ECh. 4 - Prob. 4.31ECh. 4 - Prob. 4.32ECh. 4 - Prob. 4.33ECh. 4 - Prob. 4.34ECh. 4 - Prob. 4.35ECh. 4 - Prob. 4.36ECh. 4 - Prob. 4.37ECh. 4 - Prob. 4.39ECh. 4 - Prob. 4.40ECh. 4 - Prob. 4.41ECh. 4 - Prob. 4.45ECh. 4 - Prob. 4.46ECh. 4 - Prob. 4.48ECh. 4 - Prob. 4.49ECh. 4 - Prob. 4.53ECh. 4 - Prob. 4.57ECh. 4 - Prob. 4.59E
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