Life: The Science of Biology
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781319010164
Author: David E. Sadava, David M. Hillis, H. Craig Heller, Sally D. Hacker
Publisher: W. H. Freeman
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Chapter 40, Problem 3Q
Summary Introduction
To review:
The tissue and organ changes that take place during the fight-or-flight response in mammals, and how these changes are different from those in the iris.
Introduction:
In mammals, the fight-or-flight response is controlled by the release of the hormone epinephrine from the medulla of the adrenal gland. These responses occur in response to a potential threat or danger and involve the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), a part of the autonomic nervous system (ANS).
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What effect does sympathetic nervous system stimulation have on pupil diameter? It is known that one's diameter of the pupil's increases when telling a lie. Offer an explanation.
In vision,
The sympathetic system stimulates the ciliary muscle to contract resulting in decreased tension of zonal fibers on the lens
Astigmatism occurs as a result of an eye that is too long
Rods release more neurotransmitter when transducin is not activated by the dissociation of retinal and opsin
Rods are concentrated in the fovea
What aspect of the neural circuity in the pupillary light reflex is responsible for the consensual response?
a. Preganglionic parasympathetic neurons project their axons to neurons in the ciliary ganglion.
b.Pretectum neurons send axons to the Edinger-Westfall nuclei on both sides of the brain.
c. Neurons in the ciliary ganglion innervate the constrictor muscle in the iris, which decreases the diameter of the pupil when activated.
d. The muscles in the iris encircle the pupillary opening so that light enters in the center of the eye.
e. The ciliary muscles contract concentrically to release the tension in the zonule fibers.
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Life: The Science of Biology
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