Biology
12th Edition
ISBN: 9781260494570
Author: Raven, Peter
Publisher: MCGRAW-HILL HIGHER EDUCATION
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Textbook Question
Chapter 42, Problem 1A
Imagine that you are doing an experiment on the movement of ions across neural membranes. Which of the following plays a role in determining the equilibrium concentration of ions across these membranes?
a. Ion concentration gradients
b. Ion pH gradients
c. Ion electrical gradients
d. Both a and c are correct.
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Which of the following statements is false regarding the directions that forces of the eletrochemical gradient are pointing for each ion. Assume the membrane of the neuron is at rest.
A. For chloride ions the electrostatic and diffusion forces are pointing in opposite directions.
B For sodium ions the eletrostatic and diffusion forces are pointing in the same direction.
C. For potassium ions the eletrostatic and diffusion forces are pointing in opposite directions.
D. All options choices are TRUE regarding the forces of the electrochemical gradient on each ion.
E. For calcium ions the electrostatic and diffusion forces are pointing in opposite directions.
The presence of an electrical gradient is responsible for both the resting membrane potential and the action potential in the neuron.a. In this case who is responsible for maintaining the electric gradient to produce a potential for the resting membrane?b. Explain what is meant by an electrical gradient in the context of a cell (neuron)!
which of the following statements is false with regard to cell electrical impulses?
a. an impulse begins when chloride ions are allowed to rush inside the cell
b. depolarization is when the relative charges across the membrane have switched due to ions crossing the membrane
c. repolarization refers only to the relative charges across the membrane being restored, even when the ion balance is not returned to normal yet
d. ionic balance is brought back to resting potential by the sodium-potassium pumps
Chapter 42 Solutions
Biology
Ch. 42.1 - Differentiate between subdivisions of the...Ch. 42.1 - Prob. 2LOCh. 42.1 - Explain the roles of the different nervous system...Ch. 42.2 - Contrast the relative concentrations of important...Ch. 42.2 - Prob. 2LOCh. 42.2 - Prob. 3LOCh. 42.3 - Prob. 1LOCh. 42.3 - Prob. 2LOCh. 42.3 - Prob. 3LOCh. 42.4 - Prob. 1LO
Ch. 42.4 - Prob. 2LOCh. 42.4 - Prob. 3LOCh. 42.5 - Describe the organization of the peripheral...Ch. 42.5 - Prob. 2LOCh. 42.5 - Prob. 3LOCh. 42.5 - Prob. 4LOCh. 42 - Data analysis Draw the resulting potentials for...Ch. 42 - Prob. 2DACh. 42 - Which of the following best describes the...Ch. 42 - The ____ cannot be controlled by conscious...Ch. 42 - Prob. 3UCh. 42 - Inhibitory neurotransmitters a. hyperpolarize...Ch. 42 - White matter is ______, and gray matter is...Ch. 42 - During an action potential a. the rising phase is...Ch. 42 - Prob. 7UCh. 42 - Imagine that you are doing an experiment on the...Ch. 42 - The Na+/K+ ATPase pump is a. not required for...Ch. 42 - Prob. 3ACh. 42 - The following is a list of the components of a...Ch. 42 - Prob. 5ACh. 42 - As you sit quietly reading this sentence, the part...Ch. 42 - G proteincoupled receptors are involved in the...Ch. 42 - Tetraethylammonium (TEA) is a drug that blocks...Ch. 42 - Describe the status of the Na+ and K+ channels at...Ch. 42 - Describe the steps required to produce an...Ch. 42 - Prob. 4S
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- Which of the following statements about membrane ion channels is incorrect? a. mechanically gated channels respond to physical deformation b. ligand-gated channels respond to neurotransmitters c. voltage-gated channels respond to changes in membrane potential d. leakage channels have gates and are always open e. none of the abovearrow_forwardIn nerve cells, sodium-potassium pumps exchange two K^++start superscript, plus, end superscript for three Na^++start superscript, plus, end superscript across the cell membrane. What is the primary purpose of this exchange? a.To increase the concentration of K+ outside the cell b.To increase the concentration of K+ outside the cell c.To propagate an action potential d.To increase the concentration of Na+ inside the cellarrow_forwardAssume a neuron's membrane potential is -60 mV, what's the net consequence on the membrane potential of a 5 picoamp (pA) sodium current that occurs simultaneously with a 5 pA chloride current? a. There's a 5 pA hyperpolarizing current b. There's a 10 pA depolarizing current c. There's a 10 pA hyperpolarizing current d. There's a 5 pA depolarizing current e. There's no change in the membrane potentialarrow_forward
- Sodium, chloride, and potassium ions are involved in setting up voltages across neuronal membranes. a. Describe a situation in which chloride ions can result in the same change in membrane potential as the sodium ions in the question above.arrow_forwardDefine the following terms: a. depolarization b. repolarization c. passive transport d. active transport e. voltage-gated channelarrow_forwardDepolarization and repolarization changes that occur during the action potential are produced by a. Negative feedback loops b. Channel mediated transport c. Simple diffusion of ions down their concentration gradient d. Active transport pumps along the neuron membranearrow_forward
- The membrane potential across a cell membrane can be thought of as a "blend" or weighted average of a. the concentrations of Na+ and K+ ions in the extracellular fluid b. the concetrations of Na+ and K+ ions in the cytoplasm c. the concentrations of all permeable ions in the cytoplasm d. the membrane potenial before and after the action potential e. None of the above answer choices correctly completes the sentencearrow_forwardAt rest, a neuron has a lower concentration of sodium than the surrounding fluid. The neuron also has a higher concentration of potassium inside the cell. The sodium-potassium ion pump is used to maintain the neuron in the resting state. Which of the following statements is true? A. Remaining at rest requires the use of ATP. B. Remaining at rest requires an input of sodium. C. Remaining at rest requires the activation of cotransporters. D Remaining at rest requires decreased permeability of the membrane.arrow_forwardOn the graph above, when do the sodium ion channels close? Select one: a. between 0.2 ms and 0.5 ms, which is when depolarization occurs b. at 0.2 ms, which is when depolarization occurs c. at 0.5 ms, which is when repolarization begins d. between 0.5 ms and 0.8 ms, which is when repolarization occursarrow_forward
- Jose measures membrane potential in two neighboring cells. He notices that when the membrane potential changes in one cell, the membrane potential of the neighboring cell changes in a similar manner. For example, if one cell hyperpolarizes, the neighboring cell also hyperpolarizes. He concludes the cells are electrically coupled. Which of the following is the most likely to cause the electrical coupling? a.) The electrical coupling is most probably due to integrins that connect the two cells. b.) The electrical coupling is most probably due to tight junctions that connect the two cells. c.) The electrical coupling is most probably due to desmosomes that connect the two cells. d.) The electrical coupling is most probably due to gap junctions that connect the two cells.arrow_forwardWhich of the following statements regarding polarized membranes is incorrect? a. There is a separation of the charge by a membrane, resulting in its ability to do work. b. An RMP of –60 mV indicates that there are more positive ions inside the axon than an RMP of –70 mV. c. A resting membrane potential (RMP) of –90 mV indicates the there are more positive ions inside the axon than an RMP of –70 mV. d. There is a difference in the charges found on the inside of the membrane to the outside.arrow_forwardAll of the following factors contribute to a polarized membrane EXCEPT which? a. Negative ions such as chlorine become concentrated inside the neuron. b. Negatively charged proteins and potassium ions are concentrated inside the neuron. c. A sodium–potassium exchange pump moves sodium out of and potassium into a neuron. d. Sodium ions become more concentrated inside the neuron and potassium ions become more concentrated outside the neuron.arrow_forward
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The Cell Membrane; Author: The Organic Chemistry Tutor;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AsffT7XIXbA;License: Standard youtube license