a.
Mutagenesis:
The process of producing mutagens is called mutagenesis. Mutagens are chemical, physical or biological agents that increase the mutation rate. Mutagens can alter DNA in many different ways, but such alterations are not mutations unless they can be inherited.
a.
Explanation of Solution
One of the another utilized approach is called Mutagenesis. This approach uses chemical ultraviolet light and transposon mutagenesis to increase the yield of the product. The benefits are that, if there is a useful mutation, there will be high product yield.
Unfortunately, mutagenesis is not extremely accurate and many different mutants would have to be screened before the one of interest is found.
Therefore, mutagenesis process can be used for the alteration of DNA produce metabolites.
b.
Heterologous gene expression
When genes from one organism are cloned into another it is called Heterologous gene expression.
b.
Explanation of Solution
In the Heterologous gene expression, after cloning then it is transcribed and translated into protein. For example heterologous gene expression is the cloning and expression of the human insulin genes in E. coli.
Heterologous gene expression allows specific proteins and peptides to be produced without contamination by other products which could be synthesized in the original organism. This approach may reduce the time and cost of a product being recovered and purified.
Therefore, Heterologous gene expression provides specific proteins and peptides to be produced without contamination by other products.
c.
Cloning of gene from one to another one is called as Heterologous gene expression.
c.
Explanation of Solution
The last method is utilizing heterologous gene expression by using a bacterial promoter that will drive constitutive expression of the product. As the productivity will increase exponentially by using this method.
However, just as in the case of heterologous gene expression, transfection and transduction are sometimes very difficult to achieve.
Also, by utilizing the bacterial promoter, there may be some problems in production of the needed metabolite. It’s because sometime, there are negative feedback loops that organisms utilize.
Therefore, heterologous expression of the genes responsible for producing this product in a bacterial host but using a bacterial promoter that will drive constitutive expression of the product.
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 42 Solutions
Prescott's Microbiology
- What are the evolutionary advantages associated with stress-induced mutagenesis?arrow_forwardIn Hershey-Chase experiment, bacteriophages protein coats were tagged with radioactive isotope S-32. These phages were used to infect E. coli cells and the cells were further centrifuged to form pellets. Why was the radioactivity level of S-32 found greater outside the cells compared to the E. coli cell pellets? Explain briefly. If the experiment is repeated in the same manner but this time the phage protein coats are labelled with isotope X and the phage DNA with isotope Y, which isotope’s radioactivity will be found in greater amounts in the E. coli cell pellets after centrifugation? Explain briefly.arrow_forwardTo produce transgenic plants, plant tissue is exposed to Agrobacteriumtumefaciens and then grown in media containing kanamycin, carbenicillin, and plant growth hormones. Explain the purpose behind each of these three agents. What would happen if you left out the kanamycin?arrow_forward
- When an E. coli donor cell duplicates a strand of plasmid DNA, and passes this DNA strand to a recipient E. coli cell, without the use of naked DNA in solution or of a viral vector, this is: an example of horizontal gene transfer by means of lysogenic bacteriophages an example of horizontal gene transfer by means of lytic bacteriophages an example of horizontal gene transfer by means of transformation an example of horizontal gene transfer by means of transduction an example of horizontal gene transfer by means of conjugationarrow_forwardLet’s suppose you make a transposon library of the cellulose-secreting bacterium Komagataeibacter xylinus, with the goal of finding mutants that produce higher than normal amounts of cellulose, which would be useful industrially. However, despite your best efforts you are unable to isolate any transposon mutants that make more cellulose than the wild-type strain.Why might this have failed? List as many reasons as you can think of.arrow_forwardIn gene targeting, homologous recombination between thebacterial chromosome and a linear _______- construct synthesized in vitro can generate a null mutation in any gene.arrow_forward
- What are the components needed for the processes of transformation, conjugation, and transduction? How does each process occur? What genes are involved in each process? How do generalized and specialized transduction differ? What is the end result of each?arrow_forwardAssume that there are horizontal gene transfers between two completely different bacterial species. In one case it is a plasmid that is transmitted via conjugation, in the other case it is it is a part of the bacterial chromosome that is transferred via transformation. In which of the two cases is it likely that the transferred DNA will be present? left and can function in the recipient cells? Explain the biological background to your answerarrow_forwardA. What is the pathogen that is attacking bananas today?b. Why is this especially problematic in Africa? C. Why do we expect to lose the war with this pathogen?d. What is random mutagenesis?arrow_forward
- Consider the following types of cells: F+, F-, Hfr, and F’ cells. Which of these four types of cells are capable of acting as a donor during conjugation? What genes does each cell that is capable of acting as a donor donate to the recipient cell?arrow_forwardThe synthesis of flower pigments is known to be dependent on enzymatically controlled biosynthetic pathways. For the crosses shown here, postulate the role of mutant genes and their products in producing the observed phenotypes: (a) P1: white strain A * white strain B F1: all purple F2: 9/16 purple: 7/16 white (b) P1: white * pink F1: all purple F2: 9/16 purple: 3/16 pink: 4/16 whitearrow_forwardWhat makes the species of Agrobacterium ideal for genetic engineering? Describe its characteristics and its role in producing transgenic plants.arrow_forward
- Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)BiologyISBN:9781305389892Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillanPublisher:Cengage Learning