PHYSICS F./SCI... W/MOD V.II W/KIT
4th Edition
ISBN: 9780134819884
Author: GIANCOLI
Publisher: PEARSON
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The sun produces energy via nuclear fusion at the rate of 4×1026 J/s . Based on the proposed overall fusion equation, how long will the sunshine in years before it exhausts its hydrogen fuel? (Assume that there are 365 days in the average year.)
How much energy (in x 1016 Joule) does the Sun burn 1 kg of hydrogen fuel in a nuclear reaction?
Recall that the solar constant-the flux of solar energy reaching Earth's vicinity- is about 1390 W/m^2.
) (The distance from the sun = 1 AU
= 1.50×10¹¹ m.) The Sun's energy originates from a chain of fusion reactions; each reaction chain releases 26.7 MeV of mass energy.
At what rate does the Sun lose mass? Express the result in kilograms per year.
(in kg/yr)
A: 5.379x10¹6 B: 6.294x1016 oC: 7.364x10¹6 D: 8.616x1016 E: 1.008x1017 OF: 1.179x1017 G: 1.380x10¹7 H: 1.614x1017
Chapter 42 Solutions
PHYSICS F./SCI... W/MOD V.II W/KIT
Ch. 42.1 - Prob. 1AECh. 42.3 - Prob. 1BECh. 42.4 - Return to the first Chapter-Opening Question, page...Ch. 42.4 - Prob. 1DECh. 42.6 - Prob. 1EECh. 42 - Prob. 1QCh. 42 - Prob. 2QCh. 42 - Prob. 3QCh. 42 - Why are neutrons such good projectiles for...Ch. 42 - Prob. 5Q
Ch. 42 - Prob. 6QCh. 42 - Prob. 7QCh. 42 - Prob. 8QCh. 42 - Prob. 9QCh. 42 - Prob. 10QCh. 42 - Prob. 11QCh. 42 - Why would a porous block of uranium be more likely...Ch. 42 - Prob. 13QCh. 42 - Prob. 14QCh. 42 - Prob. 15QCh. 42 - Prob. 16QCh. 42 - Prob. 17QCh. 42 - Prob. 18QCh. 42 - Prob. 19QCh. 42 - Prob. 20QCh. 42 - Prob. 21QCh. 42 - Prob. 22QCh. 42 - Prob. 23QCh. 42 - Prob. 24QCh. 42 - Prob. 25QCh. 42 - How might radioactive tracers be used to find a...Ch. 42 - Prob. 1PCh. 42 - Prob. 2PCh. 42 - Prob. 3PCh. 42 - Prob. 4PCh. 42 - Prob. 5PCh. 42 - Prob. 6PCh. 42 - Prob. 7PCh. 42 - Prob. 8PCh. 42 - Prob. 9PCh. 42 - Prob. 10PCh. 42 - Prob. 11PCh. 42 - Prob. 12PCh. 42 - Prob. 13PCh. 42 - Prob. 14PCh. 42 - Prob. 15PCh. 42 - Prob. 16PCh. 42 - Prob. 17PCh. 42 - Prob. 18PCh. 42 - (I) What is the effective cross section for the...Ch. 42 - Prob. 20PCh. 42 - Prob. 21PCh. 42 - Prob. 22PCh. 42 - Prob. 23PCh. 42 - Prob. 24PCh. 42 - Prob. 25PCh. 42 - Prob. 26PCh. 42 - Prob. 27PCh. 42 - Prob. 28PCh. 42 - Prob. 29PCh. 42 - Prob. 30PCh. 42 - Prob. 31PCh. 42 - Prob. 32PCh. 42 - Prob. 33PCh. 42 - Prob. 34PCh. 42 - Prob. 35PCh. 42 - Prob. 36PCh. 42 - Prob. 37PCh. 42 - Prob. 38PCh. 42 - Prob. 39PCh. 42 - Prob. 40PCh. 42 - Prob. 41PCh. 42 - Prob. 42PCh. 42 - Prob. 43PCh. 42 - Prob. 44PCh. 42 - Prob. 45PCh. 42 - Prob. 46PCh. 42 - Prob. 47PCh. 42 - Prob. 48PCh. 42 - Prob. 49PCh. 42 - Prob. 50PCh. 42 - Prob. 51PCh. 42 - Prob. 52PCh. 42 - Prob. 53PCh. 42 - Prob. 54PCh. 42 - Prob. 55PCh. 42 - Prob. 56PCh. 42 - Prob. 57PCh. 42 - Prob. 58PCh. 42 - Prob. 59PCh. 42 - Prob. 60PCh. 42 - Prob. 61PCh. 42 - Prob. 62PCh. 42 - Prob. 63PCh. 42 - Prob. 64PCh. 42 - Prob. 65GPCh. 42 - Prob. 66GPCh. 42 - Prob. 67GPCh. 42 - Prob. 68GPCh. 42 - Prob. 69GPCh. 42 - Prob. 70GPCh. 42 - Prob. 71GPCh. 42 - Prob. 72GPCh. 42 - Prob. 73GPCh. 42 - Prob. 74GPCh. 42 - Prob. 75GPCh. 42 - Prob. 76GPCh. 42 - Prob. 77GPCh. 42 - Prob. 78GPCh. 42 - Prob. 79GPCh. 42 - Prob. 80GPCh. 42 - Prob. 81GPCh. 42 - Prob. 82GPCh. 42 - Prob. 83GPCh. 42 - Prob. 84GPCh. 42 - Prob. 85GPCh. 42 - Prob. 86GPCh. 42 - Prob. 87GPCh. 42 - Prob. 88GP
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- (a) Calculate the rate at which the Sun generates neutrinos. Assume that energy production is entirely by the proton–proton fusion cycle. (b) At what rate do solar neutrinos reach Earth?arrow_forwardRecall that the solar constant – the flux of solar energy reaching Earth's vicinity- is about 1380 W/m^2. distance from the sun = 1 AU = 1.50×10¹1 m.) The Sun's energy originates from a chain of fusion reactions; each reaction chain releases 26.7 MeV of mass energy. At what rate does the Sun lose mass? Express the result in kilograms per year. (in kg/yr) OA: 8.554x1016 OB: 1.001×1017 OC: 1.171×10¹7 OD: OE: 1.370×10¹7 1.603 1017 OF: 1.875×1017 OG: 2.194×10¹7 (The OH: 2.567x1017arrow_forwardB: In a nuclear station, find the power produced by fissioning 5 grams of Thorium fuel (Th232) per one day. Mass number of Thorium is 232. Assume the number of fissions required for watt- second in Th232 is 6.2- 10 10arrow_forward
- The Sun emits 3.839 x 1026 J of energy every second, which is generated from the fusion of hydrogen into helium in its core. Using Einstein's equation E = mc2 (with c = 2.9979 x 108 m/s), determine how much mass the Sun converts to energy every second due to nuclear fusion in its core. If we assume that the Sun has been shining at this same rate through its entire 4.6 billion year history, how much mass has the Sun lost due to nuclear fusion during its lifetime? Express your answer as a fraction of the Sun's current mass (1.9891 x 1030 kg).arrow_forwardThe sun radiates energy at a rate of 3.9 x 1026 W. (a) At what rate is the sun losing mass? (b) At that rate, how much time would it take to exhaust the sun’s fuel supply? The sun’s mass is 2.0 x 1030 kg, and you may assume that the reaction producing the energy is about 0.7% effi cient. Compare your answer with the sun’s expected remaining lifetime, about 5 Gy.arrow_forwardThe carbon isotope 14C is used for carbon dating of objects. A 14C nucleus can change into a different kind of element, a neighbor on the periodic table with lower mass, by emitting a beta particle – an electron or positron – plus a neutrino or an anti-neutrino. Consider the scenario where 14C ( mass of 2.34 x 10 -26) decays by emitting an electron and anti neutrino. The electron has a mass of 9.11x 10-31 kg and a speed of 5.5 x107 m/s. While the anti neutrino has a momentum of 8.5x10-24 kg-m/s. If the electron and anti neutrino are emitted at right angles from each other, calculate the recoil speed of the nucleus.arrow_forward
- Energy generation in the Sun arises because hydrogen nuclei fuse to form helium nuclei. Write down the reactions involved in the proton-proton chain. State which reaction in the chain controls the rate at which the full set of reactions proceeds and explain why this is the case. Given that the solar luminosity is L = 3.8 × 1026 W, the combined mass of four protons is 6.690 × 10−27 kg and the mass of one helium nucleus is 6.643 × 10−27 kg, estimate the number of helium nuclei that have been generated inside the Sun over its 4.6 × 109 year life time.arrow_forwardThe sun produces energy via nuclear fusion at the rate of 4x10 J/s. Based on the proposed overall fusion equation, how long will the sun shine in years before it exhausts its hydrogen fuel? (Assume that there are 365 days in the average year.) Express your answer to one significant figure and include the appropriate units.arrow_forwardDuring most of its lifetime, a star maintains an equilibrium size in which the inward force of gravity on each atom is balanced by an outward pressure force due to the heat of the nuclear reactions in the core. But after all the hydrogen "fuel" is consumed by nuclear fusion, the pressure force drops and the star undergoes a gravitational collapse until it becomes a neutron star. In a neutron star, the electrons and protons of the atoms are squeezed together by gravity until they fuse into neutrons. Neutron stars spin very rapidly and emit intense pulses of radio and light waves, one pulse per rotation. These "pulsing stars" were discovered in the 1960s and are called pulsars. A star with the mass (M=2.0×10^30kg) and size (R=3.5×10^8m) of our sun rotates once every 29.0 days. After undergoing gravitational collapse, the star forms a pulsar that is observed by astronomers to emit radio pulses every 0.200 s. By treating the neutron star as a solid sphere, deduce its radius.arrow_forward
- During most of its lifetime, a star maintains an equilibrium size in which the inward force of gravity on each atom is balanced by an outward pressure force due to the heat of the nuclear reactions in the core. But after all the hydrogen "fuel" is consumed by nuclear fusion, the pressure force drops and the star undergoes a gravitational collapse until it becomes a neutron star. In a neutron star, the electrons and protons of the atoms are squeezed together by gravity until they fuse into neutrons. Neutron stars spin very rapidly and emit intense pulses of radio and light waves, one pulse per rotation. These "pulsing stars" were discovered in the 1960s and are called pulsars. A star with the mass (m=2.0×10^30kg) and size (R=3.5×10^8m) of our sun rotates once every 35.0 days. After undergoing gravitational collapse, the star forms a pulsar that is observed by astronomers to emit radio pulses every 0.200 s. By treating the neutron star as a solid sphere, deduce its radius. What is the…arrow_forwardDuring most of its lifetime, a star maintains an equilibrium size in which the inward force of gravity on each atom is balanced by an outward pressure force due to the heat of the nuclear reactions in the core. But after all the hydrogen "fuel" is consumed by nuclear fusion, the pressure force drops and the star undergoes a gravitational collapse until it becomes a neutron star. In a neutron star, the electrons and protons of the atoms are squeezed together by gravity until they fuse into neutrons. Neutron stars spin very rapidly and emit intense pulses of radio and light waves, one pulse per rotation. These "pulsing stars" were discovered in the 1960s and are called pulsars. Part A A star with the mass (M = 2.0 × 10³0 kg) and size (R = 3.5 × 108 m) of our sun rotates once every 33.0 days. After undergoing gravitational collapse, the star forms a pulsar that is observed by astronomers to emit radio pulses every 0.200 s. By treating the neutron star as a solid sphere, deduce its radius.…arrow_forwardThe energy yield of a nuclear weapon is often defined in terms of the equivalent mass of a conventional explosive. 1 ton of a conventional explosive releases 4.2 GJ. A typical nuclear warhead releases 250,000 times more, so the yield is expressed as 250 kilotons. That is a staggering explosion, but the asteroid impact that wiped out the dinosaurs was significantly greater. Assume that the asteroid was a sphere 10 km in diameter, with a density of 2500 kg/m3 and moving at 30 km/s. What energy was released at impact, in joules and in kilotons?arrow_forward
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