Concept explainers
Habit Strength According to work by the psychologist C. L. Hull, the strength of a habit is a function of the number of times the habit is repeated. If
where
a. 10 | b. 100 | c. 1000 |
d. Show that
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Calculus For The Life Sciences
- Hydroplaning On wet roads, under certain conditions the front tires of a car will hydroplane, or run along the surface of the water. The critical speed V at which hydroplaning occurs is a function of p, the tire inflation pressure. The following table shows hypothetical data for p, in pounds per square inch, and V, in miles per hour. Tire inflation pressure p Critical speed V for hydroplaning 20 46.3 25 51.8 30 56.7 35 61.2 a Find a formula that models V as a power function of p. b In the rain, a car with tires inflated to 35pound per square inch is travelling behind a bus with tires inflated to 60 pounds per square inch, and both are moving at 65 miles per hour. If they both hit their brakes, what might happen?arrow_forwardGrowth in Weight and Height Between the ages of 7 and 11 years, the weight w, in pounds, of a certain girl is given by the formula w=8t. Here t represents her age in years. a. Use a formula to express the age t of the girl as a function of her weight w. b. At what age does she attain a weight of 68 pounds? c. The height h, in inches, of this girl during the same period is given by the formula h=1.8t+40. i. Use you answer to part b to determine how tall she is when she weighs 68 pounds. ii. Use a formula to express the height h of the girl as a function of her weight w. iii. Answer the question in part i again, this time using your answer to part ii.arrow_forwardGrowth in Length of Haddock D.S. Raitt found that the length L of haddock in centimeters as a function of the age t in years is given approximately by the formula L=5342.820.82t a. Calculate L(4) and explain what it means. b. Compare the average yearly rate of growth in length from age 5 to age 10 years with the average yearly rate of growth from age 15 to age 20 years. Explain in practical terms what this tells you about the way haddock grow. c. What is the longest haddock you would expect to find anywhere?arrow_forward
- Decay of Litter Litter such as leaves falls to the forest floor, where the action of insects and bacteria initiates the decay process. Let A be the amount of litter present, in grams per square meter, as a function of time t in years. If the litter falls at a constant rate of L grams per square meter per year, and if it decays at a constant proportional rate of k per year, then the limiting value of A is R=L/k. For this exercise and the next, we suppose that at time t=0, the forest floor is clear of litter. a. If D is the difference between the limiting value and A, so that D=RA, then D is an exponential function of time. Find the initial value of D in terms of R. b. The yearly decay factor for D is ek. Find a formula for D in term of R and k. Reminder:(ab)c=abc. c. Explain why A=RRekt.arrow_forwardHollings Functional Response Curve The total number P of prey taken by a predator depends on the availability of prey. C.S. Holling proposed a function of the form P=cn(1+dn) to model the number of prey taken in certain situations. Here n is the density of prey available, and c and d are constants that depend on the organisms involved as well as on other environmental features. Holling took data gathered earlier by T. Burnett on the number of sawfly cocoons found by a small wasp parasite at given host density. In one such experiment conducted, Holling found the relationship p=21.96n1+2.41n, Where P is the number of cocoons parasitized and n is the density of cocoons available measured as number per square inch. a Draw a graph of p versus n. Include values of n up to 2 cocoons per square inch. b What density of cocoons will ensure that the wasp will find and parasitize 6 of them? c There is a limit to the number of cocoons that the wasp is able to parasitize no matter how readily available the prey may be. What is this upper limit?arrow_forwardSpawner-Recruit Model In fish management it is important to know the relationship between the abundance of the spawners also called the parent stock and the abundance of the recruitsthat is, those hatchlings surviving to maturity. According to the Ricker model, the number of recruits R as a function of the number of spawners P has the form R=APeBp for some positive constants A and B. This model describes well a phenomenon observed in some fisheries: A large spawning group can actually lead to a small group of recruits. In a study of the sockeye salmon, it was determined that A=4 and B=0.7. Here we measure P and R in thousands of salmon. a. Make a graph of R versus P for the sockeye salmon. Assume there are at most 3000 spawners. b. Find the maximum number of salmon recruits possible. c. If the number of recruits R is greater than the number of spawners P, then the difference R-P of the recruits can be removed by fishing, and next season there will once again be P spawners surviving to renew the cycle. What value of P gives the maximum value of R-P, the number of fish available for removal by fishing?arrow_forward
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