Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life (MindTap Course List)
14th Edition
ISBN: 9781305073951
Author: Cecie Starr, Ralph Taggart, Christine Evers, Lisa Starr
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 46, Problem 5CT
As noted in Section 46.7, mycorrhizal
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Biologists have discovered that many mycorrhizal fungi are sensitive to a low pH. What human-caused environmental problem may prove catastrophic for these fungi? How may this problem affect their plant partners? What measures could we take to decrease the problem?
The ascomycete fungus that causes chestnut blight and has killed an estimated 4 billion chestnut trees in North America was accidentally imported from Asia. Why are plants particularly vulnerable to fungi imported from other regions? How do the plants in Asia protect themselves against ascomycete fungus so they are not affected?
Which of the following is true of mychrrhizae?
1.
The fungal hyphae of ectomycorrhizae form arbuscles.
2.
Ectomycorrhizae penetrate the cytoplasm of root cells.
3.
Endomycorrhizal fungal hyphae form a dense mantle ensheathing roots.
4.
Ectomycorrhizae are found in many crop plants such as wheat and maize.
5.
Ectomycorrhizal fungal hyphae form a dense mantle ensheathing roots.
Chapter 46 Solutions
Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 46 - In most ecosystems, the primary producers use...Ch. 46 - Organisms at the lowest trophic level in a...Ch. 46 - Prob. 3SQCh. 46 - Prob. 4SQCh. 46 - Efficiency of energy transfers in aquatic...Ch. 46 - Prob. 6SQCh. 46 - Earths largest carbon reservoir is _______. a. the...Ch. 46 - Carbon is released into the atmosphere by _____ a....Ch. 46 - Prob. 1DAACh. 46 - Prob. 2DAA
Ch. 46 - Changes in the Air To assess the impact of human...Ch. 46 - Changes in the Air To assess the impact of human...Ch. 46 - Prob. 9SQCh. 46 - The _____ cycle is a sedimentary cycle. a....Ch. 46 - Earths largest phosphorus reservoir is _______. a....Ch. 46 - Prob. 12SQCh. 46 - Nitrogen fixation converts _______ to _______. a....Ch. 46 - Prob. 14SQCh. 46 - Prob. 15SQCh. 46 - Marguerite plants a vegetable garden in Maine....Ch. 46 - Where does your drinking water come from? An...Ch. 46 - Scientists study bubbles trapped in ancient...Ch. 46 - Nitrogen-fixing bacteria live throughout the...Ch. 46 - As noted in Section 46.7, mycorrhizal fungi help...
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- Fairy rings (such as the one in the photo on the left) are circles of fungi that often appear in open meadows and in forest areas. In the soil beneath the fungi is an ever-extending mycelium. As the mycelium spreads to seek out more food, it sometimes will produce the fungi we see above ground to produce and release spores. The diagram on the right depicts the outline of a fairy ring that has appeared overnight in an open meadow, as viewed from above. The ring represents the farthest advance of this mycelium through the soil. The letters A-D represent locations with respect to that ring which are all 0.5 meters below the soil surface. Which location (A-D) is nearest to the basidiocarps? ___ What is the most probable location (A-D) of the youngest portion of this mycelium? ___arrow_forwardFairy rings (such as the one in the photo on the left) are circles of fungi that often appear in open meadows and in forest areas. In the soil beneath the fungi is an ever-extending mycelium. As the mycelium spreads to seek out more food, it sometimes will produce the fungi we see above ground to produce and release spores. The diagram on the right depicts the outline of a fairy ring that has appeared overnight in an open meadow, as viewed from above. The ring represents the farthest advance of this mycelium through the soil. The letters A-D represent locations with respect to that ring which are all 0.5 meters below the soil surface. 1)If the fungus that produced the fairy ring can also produce arbuscules, then which of the following is most likely to be buried at location "B"? a. cement-capped well b. deceased animal c. tree stump d. fire pit 2) Assume that all four locations are 0.5 meters above the surface, rather than below. On a breezy day with prevailing winds blowing from right…arrow_forwardYou have been asked to consult for a biotech company that is seeking to understand why some fungi can live in very extreme environments, such as the high temperatures inside naturally occurring hot springs. The company has isolated two different fungal species, F. cattoriae and W. gravinius, both of which can grow at temperatures exceeding 95°C. The company has determined the following things about these fungal species (see attached image) By sequencing and examining their genomes, the biotech company hopes to understand why these species can live in extreme environments. However, the company only has the resources to sequence one genome, and would like your input as to which species should be sequenced and whether you believe a shotgun strategy will work in this case.arrow_forward
- Mycorrhizal fungi form obligate symbiotic relationships within plants. They are able to fix N2 into a usable form of nitrogen. In exchange, they receive nutrition from the plant. Which of the following is a true statement concerning mycorrhizal fungi? a) Finding a host plant is not crucial to their survival. b) They are a dominant species. c) They cannot survive without the host plant. d) They are considered plant parasites.arrow_forwardThe fungus Botrytis cinerea is a pathogen of plants, and causes high losses of strawberry crops around the world. In Europe, most B. cinerea fungi are killed by fungicides (chemicals sprayed on the crops to kill the fungus). However, some B. cinerea are resistant, and continue to live even when exposed to fungicides. If the currently-used fungicides continue to be sprayed on strawberry crops in Europe, what is expected to happen? (Choose one.) a)The strawberries will eventually become larger and more resistant to fungicides. b)The strawberries will form a beneficial association (mutualism) with the B. cinerea, and both will be resistant to the fungicides. c)Strawberry plants will preferentially be colonized by B. cinerea that are not resistant to fungicides. d) The proportion of B. cinerea that are resistant to fungicides will increase in the population over time, and these fungicides will no longer be effective at killing most of these fungi.arrow_forwardWhile working in a plant disease diagnostic lab, you receive a sample of a very dead tomato plant. The plant has rotted roots and the symptoms match known fungal and oomycete diseases of tomatoes. Explain one difference between true fungi and oomycetes that you could observe to determine what type of organism is killing the tomatoes?arrow_forward
- Mycorrhizal fungi live in the soil and interact with the roots of plants. Essentail nutrients (e.g. nitrogenous compounds) are taken from the soil by the fungi and transferred to the plant roots. The fungi extract carbohydrates from the plant roots. What type of interaction is occurring?arrow_forwardAfter a long excursion in the tropics you came back with multiple soil samples from different localities across the Andes. You are interested in discovering new sources of pharmaceuticals and want to test the antibiotic properties of fungi collected from tropical soils at different altitudes. How would you approach this question?. What scientific experiment would you conduct to isolate fungi with antibiotic characteristics?. Please be specific about your design, including your expected outcomes and conclusions from your experiment.arrow_forwardWhat are mycorrhizae? and what are the different types of mycorrhizae, mention two examples of fungi that form mycorrhizae with economically important plants.arrow_forward
- What is the symbiotic relationship between fungi and plant roots in which fungal hyphae penetrate the cell walls of the plants root cells? A-extomcorrhixa B vascular mycorrhizae C fungal rhizoids D arbuscar mycorrhiza E lichensarrow_forwardWhat are mycorrhizae? Discuss the different types in detail and give two examples of fungi that form mycorrhizae with economically important plants.arrow_forwardWhat is a tylosis? How does formation of tyloses slow the spread of fungi in wood? Why doesn’t a tree make tyloses in vessels that are still conducting water?arrow_forward
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