Biology
Biology
5th Edition
ISBN: 9781260487947
Author: BROOKER
Publisher: MCG
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Chapter 47, Problem 3CQ
Summary Introduction

To determine: The various associated aspects of countercurrent exchange.

Introduction: Different types of organisms use various methods and strategies for the retention of body heat. One of the important methods used by organisms for thermoregulation is countercurrent exchange.

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Diagram/flow chart the reactions and interactions of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway. What conditiion is the primary stimulus for its activation? What would hapen to renin secretion in a patient with chronic kidney failure?
Explain the role of renin-angiotensin - aldosterone pathway in restoring blood pressure and fluid balance.  Include the stimulus for release, the pathway that is involved,  and the physiological effects of angiotensin II and aldosterone.   Answer should include: Identify stimulus/change that starts the pathway (i.e. Identify the direction of change IN BP or circulating fluid status) What happens in the juxtaglomerular cells? Clue: what stimulus causes the release of renin? Explain action of renin - what protein does it act on? What is it converted to? Which enzymes converts angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2? What are the actions of angiotensin 2? Clue: stimulates adrenal context to produce what? And what effect does angiotensin 2 have on blood vessels? What causes reabsorption of Na into blood ? What effect does this have on blood volume? How is BP restored ? Explain how this relates to equation for BP ( BP= CO x TPR)
Find another example of a countercurrent exchange system either in biology or engineering and describe how it functions
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