BIOLOGY
5th Edition
ISBN: 9781264104680
Author: BROOKER
Publisher: MCG
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Chapter 49, Problem 1COQ
Summary Introduction
To determine: The mechanisms by which soluble wastes are removed from the body fluids of animals.
Introduction: Waste materials such as excess
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Metabolism of nutrients by body cells produces various wastes such as carbon dioxide and
nitrogenous toxins (creatinine, urea, and ammonia), as well as imbalances of water and essential
ions. These metabolic wastes and excesses must be eliminated from the body. Essential substances
are retained to ensure proper body functioning.
Although several organ systems are involved in excreting (getting rid of) toxic cellular wastes, the
urinary system bears the primary responsibility for removing nitrogenous wastes from the blood. In
addition to this purely excretory function, the kidneys maintain the electrolyte, acid-base, and fluid
balances of the blood. Thus, kidneys take care of your blood and are major homeostatic organs of
the body. Malfunction of the kidneys leads to a failure of homeostasis, resulting (unless corrected)
in death.
1. Complete the statements (hint: read paragraph above):
The kidney is referred to as an excretory organ because it excretes
also a major homeostatic organ…
In general terms, explain the role in insects of the malpighian tubules and rectum in conserving water, ions, and amino acids and removing nitrogen waste.
Which statement about nitrogenous wastes is true?
ammonia cannot be concentrated as much as urea and uric acid because it is more toxic
some vertebrates are able to avoid producing nitrogenous wastes by using only anaerobic respiration
most vertebrates that produce urea excrete the urea as salt crystals that have precipitated out of solution to conserve water
many saurapsids excrete their nitrogenous wastes as nitric oxide
All of these are correct
Chapter 49 Solutions
BIOLOGY
Ch. 49.1 - Prob. 1CCCh. 49.2 - Core Skill: Connections In what other organ is a...Ch. 49.2 - Prob. 2CSCh. 49.2 - Prob. 3CSCh. 49.3 - Prob. 1CSCh. 49 - Prob. 1TYCh. 49 - Prob. 2TYCh. 49 - Prob. 3TYCh. 49 - Prob. 4TYCh. 49 - Prob. 5TY
Ch. 49 - Prob. 6TYCh. 49 - Prob. 7TYCh. 49 - Prob. 8TYCh. 49 - Prob. 9TYCh. 49 - Prob. 10TYCh. 49 - Define nitrogenous waste, and list the main types...Ch. 49 - List and describe the three processes involved in...Ch. 49 - Prob. 3CQCh. 49 - Prob. 1COQCh. 49 - Briefly discuss the parts and functions of the...
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- Production of any sort of nitrogenous waste other than ammonia costs energy. Name at least three distinctly different advantages an animal might gain by investing in production of urea or uric acid.arrow_forwardThe bodily fluids of freshwater fish contain higher concentration of dissolved solids in their surroundings, so they tend to bloat (take in water) or lose electrolytes. How can freshwater fish avoid this? 1.) By drinking lots of water? 2.) By actively transporting ions out from the gills into the water? 3.) by excreting highly concentrated urine? 4.) by resorbing ions in nephronsarrow_forwardthe process that initiates urine formation in most types of vertebrates is ultrafiltration of fluid from the blood plasma into kidney tubules under the force of blood pressure. What properties of the blood plasma in the urine-forming structures of the kidney are likely to affect the rate of ultrafiltration into the kidney tubules? Why is failure of urine production a potential side effect of heart disease?arrow_forward
- The steroid nandrolone, which is found naturally in horses, is administered to racing horses to aid in recovery. Because it is an anabolic steroid, nandrolone levels in excess of normal background levels disqualify a horse from racing. For example, to race in the Kentucky Derby, a gelding (a castrated male horse) may have no more than 1 ng/mL in the urine, whereas an unaltered male horse may have no more than 45 ng/mL of the metabolite estrane-3,17-diol in the urine. Knowing that nandrolone is an anabolic steroid, which hormone would you expect it to closely resemble? (testosterone cortisol O progesterone O epinephrine antidiuretic hormone During metabolism, carbon 3 and carbon 4 of nandrolone are reduced, forming the metabolite estrane-3,17-diol. Modify nandrolone to give estrane-3,17-diol. Select Draw Rings More Erase S с O 0 H ✪ ا قد 2 oarrow_forwardGout—a condition that results in joint swelling and pain—is caused by the formation of sodium urate (NaC5H3N4O3) crystals within tendons, cartilage, and ligaments. Sodium urate precipitates out of blood plasma when uric acid levels become abnormally high. This sometimes happens as a result of eating too many rich foods and consuming too much alcohol, which is why gout is sometimes referred to as the “disease of kings.” If the sodium concentration in blood plasma is 0.140 M, and Ksp for sodium urate is 5.76 * 10 - 8, what minimum concentration of urate would result in precipitation?arrow_forwardMorphine, taken for severe pain, causes a decrease in the amount of urine produced, regardless of levels of hydration. Which of the following rows identifies the effect of morphine on antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion and the reabsorption of water by the kidneys? Row Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) Secretion Reabsorption of Water stimulates ADH secretion more water is reabsorbed inhibits ADH secretion less water is reabsorbed inhibits ADH secretion more water is reabsorbed stimulates ADH secretion less water is reabsorbedarrow_forward
- The body of a typical 70 kg adult human contains ~1 kg of calcium, almost all of it in the form of bone mineral. Under normal conditions, a person loses ~175 mg of calcium per day in the urine and replaces a similar quantity of calcium by absorption through the gut. If a person suddenly stopped consuming any calcium at all but the rate of urinary calcium loss remained the same, how long would it take for the body calcium stores to decrease by 5%?arrow_forwardList the costs and benefits of the excretion of ammonia,urea, or uric acid as nitrogenous waste products.arrow_forwardOn the basis of the type of nitrogenous end product, there are three modes of excretion in animals. These are ammonotelism, ureotelism, and uricotelism. Explain.arrow_forward
- Which of the following is TRUE concerning glucose transport across the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)? Group of answer choices must choose one answer Glucose is usually absorbed approximately 70% here and the remainder of the absorption is under hormonal control in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT). Glucose moves by paracellular transport. Glucose moves across the apical membrane by secondary active transport via co-transport with sodium. Glucose transport is passive, requiring facilitated diffusion across both the apical and basolateral membranes.arrow_forwardThe mammalian kidney contains an immense network of nephrons that functions to conserve water by producing urine that is hyperosmotic compared to other body fluids. Describe in detail how the transport epithelia of the nephron and collecting duct are able to use transport mechanisms to process the filtrate as it moves through the vessels and produce a hyperosmotic filtrate.arrow_forwardThe breakdown of nucleic acids produces very small molecules of uric acid. Extremely high levels of uric acid built up in the joints indicate that there is something wrong with the individual's kidneys. Using the knowledge you gained from the homeostasis unit, support the connection between built up of uric acid and the possibilities of kidneys malfunctioning.arrow_forward
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Excretory System; Author: Amoeba Sisters;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q5qaGHfdmYM;License: Standard youtube license