(a)
Interpretation:
The type of noises that can be reduced by decreasing the temperature of measurement needs to be determined.
Concept introduction:
Chemical analyses are related with two types of noise which are chemical noise and instrumental noise. Chemical noise is due to reasons that affect the chemistry of the system being analyzed. Instrumental noise is components of the instrument. There are four types of instrumental noise and they are thermal noise, shot noise, flicker noise and environmental noise.
(b)
Interpretation:
The type of noise that can be reduced by increasing the frequency used for measurement needs to be determined.
Concept introduction:
Chemical analyses are related with two types of noise which are chemical noise and instrumental noise. Chemical noise is due to reasons that affect the chemistry of the system being analyzed. Instrumental noise is components of the instrument. There are four types of instrumental noise and they are thermal noise, shot noise, flicker noise and environmental noise. Among them flicker noise and environmental noise are frequency dependent thermal noise and shot noise are frequency independent.
(c)
Interpretation:
The type of noise that can be reduced by decreasing the band width of the measurement needs to be determined.
Concept introduction:
Radiation does not only come from human-made sources, but it can also come from natural sources.
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Chapter 5 Solutions
Principles of Instrumental Analysis, 6th Edition
- Describe the differences and similarities between spontaneous and stimulated emission.arrow_forwardDistinguish between the terms elution and eluent.arrow_forwardWhat is the modulated wavelength of mercury vapor light at a temperature of 88°F and barometric pressure of 725 mmHg, known that the frequency of modulation is 30 MHz?arrow_forward
- The rotational constant of 1H35CI is 317.8 GHz. What is the separation of the lines in its pure rotational spectrum (a) in gigahertz. (b) in reciprocal centimetres?arrow_forwardEstimate the lifetime of a state that gives rise to a line of width (i) 200 MHz, (ii) 2.45 cm−1.arrow_forwardy If y = 36 and x = 6, what is the signal-to-noise ratio?arrow_forward
- Clearly describe the differences between fluorescence and phosphorescence. In your answer address the electronic states that are involved, the intensity, the wavelength and time scale of the specific emission process as well as what causes the difference in intensity, wavelength and time scale.arrow_forwardCalculate the threshold frequency of Potassium with 3.2x10^-19 J Work Function.arrow_forwardA 600 MHz NMR has a signal to noise ratio of 1000 for a proton standard. The 400 MHz NMR has a signal to noise ratio of 200 for a proton standard. If it takes 20 minutes to get an acceptable signal to noise ratio for a sample on the 600 MHz NMR, how long will it take you to achieve the same signal to noise ratio on the 400 MHz NMR?arrow_forward
- What issues experienced with fluorescence detectors are resolved using chemiluminescence detectors?arrow_forward4. The infrared absorption spectrum of a diatomic molecule is shown in the figure. (a) Give the initial (J") and final (J') rotational quantum numbers corresponding to the peaks labeled A and B. (b) Estimate the vibrational frequency in wavenumbers (i) and the rotational constant in wavenumbers (B). (c) From the spacings of the peaks near 2700 cm and near 3050 cm, determine whether the average bond length increases or decreases with increasing vibrational quantum number. 20 18 A 14 12 2500 2600 2700 2800 2900 3000 3100 3200 wavenumber absorption intensityarrow_forwardWhat are the units of Rf and what are its maximum and minimum values?arrow_forward
- Principles of Instrumental AnalysisChemistryISBN:9781305577213Author:Douglas A. Skoog, F. James Holler, Stanley R. CrouchPublisher:Cengage Learning