Biology
10th Edition
ISBN: 9780073383071
Author: Raven
Publisher: MCGRAW-HILL HIGHER EDUCATION
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Chapter 51, Problem 4S
Toll-like receptors have been found in a wide variety of organisms, including both protostomes and deuterostomes, and now in cnidarians. In addition, parts of the signaling system have been found in a wide variety of organisms as have parts of the complement system. What does this say about the evolution of innate immunity?
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Chapter 51 Solutions
Biology
Ch. 51 - Cells that target and kill body cells infected by...Ch. 51 - Structures on invading cells recognized by the...Ch. 51 - Which one of the following acts as the alarm...Ch. 51 - Prob. 4UCh. 51 - Receptors that trigger innate immune responses a....Ch. 51 - Diseases in which the persons immune system no...Ch. 51 - Suppose that a new disease is discovered that...Ch. 51 - You start a new job in a research lab. The lab...Ch. 51 - In comparing T-cell receptors and immunoglobulins...Ch. 51 - If you have type AB blood, which of the following...
Ch. 51 - Suppose that you get a paper cut while studying....Ch. 51 - If you wanted to cure allergies by bioengineering...Ch. 51 - Why do we need to be repeatedly vaccinated for...Ch. 51 - Prob. 7ACh. 51 - Suppose you take a job in the marketing department...Ch. 51 - Prob. 2SCh. 51 - Prob. 3SCh. 51 - Toll-like receptors have been found in a wide...
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- In vertebrates, complement activation generally involves a pathogen recognition step followed by a proteolytic cascade that produces the effector proteins that function in opsonization, membrane attack, and inflammation. Which of these is likely to be the most evolutionarily primitive aspect of the complement system? Which pathway of complement initiation is likely to be the one that most recently evolved?arrow_forwardWhich of the following is NOT a mechanism used by the immune system to fight multicellular parasites? Select one: a. Antibodies coating the pathogen surface bind to FcRs on mast cells, causing release of granule contents onto surface, and damage the parasite. b. Crosslinking of antibody binding to FceRI on eosinophils cells triggers release of granules, causing smooth muscle contractions. Muscle contractions in the mucosal tracts causes sneezing, coughing, vomiting or diarrhea, dislodging the parasite. d. The parasite is killed and broken down extracellularly, and then phagocytosed by macrophages. C.arrow_forwardWhat term describes microbial molecules of pathogens such as peptidoglycan and LPS that can trigger the innate immune system to respond? O 1) PAMP O 2) epitope O 3) antigen O 4) haptenarrow_forward
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- 1) According to the video, what is another name for the innate immune sys and what does this system do? 2) According to the video, what causes inflammation and what cells cause it? 3) According to the video, what happens to neutrophils after they consume a pathogen? 4) According to the video, natural killer cells; what do they do? 5) The adaptive/acquired immune system can tell the difference between types of pathogens: true or false? 6) According to the video, helper t- function: 7) According to the video, cytotoxic t cells function: 8) According to the video, memory cells function:arrow_forwardWhich of the following is not true for a natural killer cell? A) do not undergo rearrangement of receptor genes B) develop in the thymus c) stimulated (activated) by IFN-a and other cytokines D) lack of NK cells can lead to severe viral infections Question 6 Represents innate immune system receptors A Randomly arranged B) Germline encoded c) cross-reactive D) CLP encoded is determined by specific carbohydrate groupsarrow_forwardDescribe one invertebrate defense mechanism and discuss how it is an evolutionary adaptation retained in vertebrates.arrow_forward
- Human immune system a) Pathogen-associated molecular patterns are conserved molecular structures produced by microorganisms, but not by host cells. b) A virus-infected host cell that displays a viral antigen via MHC class I molecules may become a target of cytotoxic T cells. c) Secreted MHC Class I proteins present in blood plasma can function as opsonins. d) Both (a) and (b) are correct and (c) is incorrect e) Statements (a), (b) and (c) are all correctarrow_forwardWhat kind of immune responses do insects have a) adaptive immunity only b) innate immunity only c) they have innate and adaptive immunity but the adaptive immune system has fewer cells than that of vertebrates d innate and adaptive immunityarrow_forwardWhat are the roles of the following cytokines in defense against infections: 1) TNF 2) IL-12 3) Type I Interferonarrow_forward
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