Biology
5th Edition
ISBN: 9781260487947
Author: BROOKER
Publisher: MCG
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Chapter 52.2, Problem 1EQ
Summary Introduction
To determine: The reason that led the investigators to hypothesize that Toll protein may serve an immune function in Drosophila.
Introduction: Scientists worked to discover the way in which the embryos develop into adults. However, they discovered a protein known as Toll protein. These proteins bind to a receptor known as TLRs. It stands for “Toll-like receptors”. Drosophila melanogaster is a type of fly that generally feeds on fruits. Toll protein helps in the development of embryos of Drosophila melanogaster.
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- The diagram in the first figure shows simplified versions of the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus, the T-cell receptor b chain locus, and the locus encoding the RAG-1 and RAG-2 recombinases. For the sake of this question, imagine that these diagrams represent all of the gene segments present in the immunoglobulin heavy chain and T-cell receptor b chain locus. You now analyze five individuals, each of which has a single inactivating mutation in a region of one of these three loci. These mutations are each indicated by a red ‘X’ in the second figure, and are numbered 1–5. For each of these inactivating mutations, indicate the alterations and/or defects that would be seen in the repertoire of antigen receptors found in mature B and T cells in that individual. Also, for each mutation, indicate whether the individual would likely show any immunodeficiency, such as a history of recurrent infections.arrow_forwardWhat are the roles of Cas1, Cas2, and Cas9 proteins in bacterialgenome defense?arrow_forwardHow does the Toll-like receptor 4 signalling pathway work? Taking into consideration the cellular and molecular details and how the signalling pathway works and is used by a cell of the innate or the adaptive immune system to regulate gene expression.arrow_forward
- If the researchers carry out a PCR for this gene from the CD8+ T cells, what result would you expect?Explain.arrow_forwardPart of the Ras protein is associated with the plasma membrane, and part extends into the cytoplasm. How does the Ras protein transmit a signal from outside the cell into the cytoplasm? What happens in cases where the ras gene is mutated?arrow_forwardHomeotic genes ___. Select one: a. only specify the anterior-posterior axis for each fruit fly segment b. are found only in Drosophila and other arthropods c. encode transcription factors that control the expression of genes responsible for specific anatomical structures d. are responsible for the programmed cell death occuring during morphogenesis Which of the following are some of the viruses' subversive strategies in manipulating human immune system? Select one: a. down-regulation of the expression of MHC molecules b. degradation of the immune system's chemokine signals c. both a and b d. none of the abovearrow_forward
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