Concept explainers
In experiments to determine the effectiveness of drugs such as anti-fungal ointments that are applied to the skin, the concentration of the drug in a patient’s skin must be measured. The article “Determining Bioequivalence of Topical Dermatological Drug Products by Tape-Stripping” (W. Navidi, A. Hutchinson, et al., Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, 2008:213–220) describes an improved method of measuring that is designed to ensure that all the drug in the skin is recovered. Assume that in an experiment using the old method, the
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- Lactation promotes a temporary loss of bone mass to provide adequate amounts of calcium for milk production. The paper “Bone Mass Is Recovered from Lactation to Postweaning in Adolescent Mothers with Low Calcium Intakes” (Amer. J. of Clinical Nutr., 2004: 1322–1326) gave the following data on total body bone mineral content (TBBMC) (g) for a sample both during lactation (L) and in the postweaning period (P). SubjectL 1928 2549 2825 1924 1628 2175 2114 2621 1843 2541P 2126 2885 2895 1942 1750 2184 2164 2626 2006 2627 Does the data suggest that true average total body bone mineral content during postweaning exceeds that during lactation by more than 25 g? State and test the appropriate hypotheses using a significance level of .05.arrow_forwardLow-Birth-Weight Hospital Stays. Data on low-birthweight babies were collected over a 2-year period by 14 participating centers of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network. Results were reported by J. Lemons et al. in the on-line paper “Very Low Birth Weight Outcomes of the National Institute of ChildHealth and Human Development Neonatal Research Network” (Pediatrics, Vol. 107, No. 1, p. e1). For the 1084 surviving babies whose birth weights were 751– 1000 grams, the average length of stay in the hospital was 86 days, although one center had an average of 66 days and another had an average of 108 days. a. Can the mean lengths of stay be considered population means? Explain your answer.b. Assuming that the population standard deviation is 12 days, determine the z-score for a baby’s length of stay of 86 days at the center where the mean was 66 days.c. Assuming that the population standard deviation is 12 days, determine the z-score for a…arrow_forwardThe article “Effects of Diets with Whole Plant-Origin Proteins Added with Different Ratiosof Taurine:Methionine on the Growth, Macrophage Activity and Antioxidant Capacity ofRainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Fingerlings” (O. Hernandez, L. Hernandez, et al.,Veterinary and Animal Science, 2017:4-9) reports that a sample of 210 juvenile rainbowtrout fed a diet fortified with equal amounts of the amino acids taurine and methionine for aperiod of 70 days had a mean weight gain of 313 percent with a standard deviation of 25, while 210 fish fed with a control diet had a mean weight gain of 233 percent with a standard deviation of 19. Units are percent. Find a 99% confidence interval for the difference in weight gain on the two diets.arrow_forward
- classify as either observational or experimental design Heart Failure. In the paper “Cardiac-Resynchronization Therapy with or without an Implantable Defibrillator in Advanced Chronic Heart Failure” (New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 350, pp. 2140–2150), M. Bristow et al. reported the results of a study of methods for treating patients who had advanced heart failure due to ischemic or nonischemic cardiomyopathies. A total of 1520 patientswere randomly assigned in a 1:2:2 ratio to receive optimal pharmacologic therapy alone or in combination with either a pacemaker or a pacemaker–defibrillator combination. The patients were thenobserved until they died or were hospitalized for any cause.arrow_forwardA consumer group is investigating a producer of diet meals to examine if its prepackaged meals actually contain the advertised 6 ounces of protein in each package. Based on the following data, is there any evidence that the meals do not contain the advertised amount of protein? Run the appropriate test at a 5% level ofarrow_forwardThe National Transportation Safety Board wants to look at the safety of three different sizes of cars. Using the data below, determine the whether the mean pressure applied to the driver`s head during a crash is equal for each type of car at alpha = 0.01 Compact cars Midsize cars Full-size Cars 643 469 484 655 427 456 702 525 402 a) Ho: Ha : b) Decision c) Conclusionarrow_forward
- The authors of the article “Predictive Model for PittingCorrosion in Buried Oil and Gas Pipelines”(Corrosion, 2009: 332–342) provided the data on whichtheir investigation was based.a. Consider the following sample of 61 observations onmaximum pitting depth (mm) of pipeline specimensburied in clay loam soil. 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.48 0.480.58 0.79 0.79 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.91 0.94 0.941.02 1.04 1.04 1.17 1.17 1.17 1.17 1.17 1.171.17 1.19 1.19 1.27 1.40 1.40 1.59 1.59 1.601.68 1.91 1.96 1.96 1.96 2.10 2.21 2.31 2.462.49 2.57 2.74 3.10 3.18 3.30 3.58 3.58 4.154.75 5.33 7.65 7.70 8.13 10.41 13.44Construct a stem-and-leaf display in which the twolargest values are shown in a last row labeled HI.b. Refer back to (a), and create a histogram based oneight classes with 0 as the lower limit of the firstclass and class widths of .5, .5, .5, .5, 1, 2, 5, and 5,respectively.c. The accompanying comparative boxplot fromMinitab shows plots of pitting depth for four differenttypes of soils.…arrow_forwardWhen determining whether grounding accidents and hull failures result in different spillage (is there a difference between spills caused by grounding or hull failures) would I use a two tail t test to decide this?arrow_forwardAngioplasty is a medical procedure in which an obstructed blood vessel is widened. In some cases, a wire mesh tube, called a stent, is placed in the vessel to help it remain open. The article “Long-term Outcomes of Patients Receiving Drug-eluting Stents” (A. Philpott, D. Southern, et al., Canadian Medical Association Journal, 2009:167–174) presents the results of a study comparing the effectiveness of a bare metal stent with one that that has been coated with a drug designed to prevent reblocking of the vessel. A total of 5320 patients received bare metal stents, and of these, 841 needed treatment for reblocking within a year. A total of 1120 received drug coated stents, and 134 of them required treatment within a year. a) Find a 98% confidence interval for the differences between the proportions for drug coated stents and bare metal stents. b) Suppose that additional patients are to be treated in order to increase the precision of the confidence interval. Three sampling plans are…arrow_forward
- The article “Improved Bioequivalence Assessment of Topical Dermatological Drug Products Using Dermatopharmacokinetics” (B. N’Dri-Stempfer, W. Navidi, et al., Pharmaceutical Research, 2009:316–328) describes a study in which a new type of ointment was applied to forearms of volunteers to study the rates of absorption into the skin. Eight locations on the forearm were designated for ointment application. The new ointment was applied to four locations, and a control was applied to the other four. How many different choices were there for the four locations to apply the new ointment?arrow_forwardA new drug for pain relief is being tested within a given palliative care population. The new drug is being compared to an already approved pain relief drug that is commonly used in providing palliative care to patients who experience chronic severe pain. Assume the patients are asked to rate the pain on a scale from 1 to 10, and the data presented below was obtained from a small study designed to compare the effectiveness of the two drugs. Set up and interpret the results of a Mann-Whitney U test with an alpha of .05. Pain Rating as Reported by Patients Old Drug 1 2 2 4 6 New Drug 1 2 2 3 7 Old Drug New Drug Total Sample (Ordered Smallest to Largest) Ranks Old Drug New Drug Old Drug New Drug 1 1 1 1 1.5 1.5 2 2 2 2 4.5 4.5 2 2 2 2 4.5 4.5 4 3 3 7 6 7 4 8 6…arrow_forwardA new drug for pain relief is being tested within a given palliative care population. The new drug is being compared to an already approved pain relief drug that is commonly used in providing palliative care to patients who experience chronic severe pain. Assume the patients are asked to rate the pain on a scale from 1 to 10, and the data presented below was obtained from a small study designed to compare the effectiveness of the two drugs. Set up and interpret the results of a Mann-Whitney U test with an alpha of .05. Pain Rating as Reported by Patients Old Drug 1 3 3 4 6 New Drug 1 2 3 3 7arrow_forward
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