Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
The electrophilic reaction that gives rise to carbocation intermediate should be identified.
Concept introduction:
Addition Reaction: It is defined as
In addition reaction of
Electrophilic addition: It is an type of addition reaction in which the pi bond present in the molecule breaks as the electrophile approaches and results in the formation of product with sigma bond.
Regioselective reaction: They are reactions which contain more than one product which are actually molecules with same molecular formula but different in the way they are connected and among those products only one product is major.
Markovnikov’s Addition Rule: The unsymmetrical alkene in a chemical compound reacts with hydrogen halide in a way, where halide ions attacks and bond to the more substitution position of carbon-carbon double bond.
Electrophile: The positively charged species or with electron rich atom with vacant orbital that seeks for electrons hence it approaches the nucleophiles and results in the bonding.
Carbocation: it is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.
(b)
Interpretation:
The electrophilic reaction that involves no intermediate should be identified.
Concept introduction:
Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.
In addition reaction of alkenes when two substituents are placed on same side of
Electrophilic addition: It is an type of addition reaction in which the pi bond present in the molecule breaks as the electrophile approaches and results in the formation of product with sigma bond.
Regioselective reaction: They are reactions which contain more than one product which are actually molecules with same molecular formula but different in the way they are connected and among those products only one product is major.
Markovnikov’s Addition Rule: The unsymmetrical alkene in a chemical compound reacts with hydrogen halide in a way, where halide ions attacks and bond to the more substitution position of carbon-carbon double bond.
Electrophile: The positively charged species or with electron rich atom with vacant orbital that seeks for electrons hence it approaches the nucleophiles and results in the bonding.
Hydroboration reaction: The reaction involves addition of
(c)
Interpretation:
The electrophilic reaction that forms 3 membered ring as intermediate should be identified.
Concept introduction:
Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.
In addition reaction of alkenes when two substituents are placed on same side of
Regioselective reaction: They are reactions which contain more than one product which are actually molecules with same molecular formula but different in the way they are connected and among those products only one product is major.
Markovnikov’s Addition Rule: The unsymmetrical alkene in a chemical compound reacts with hydrogen halide in a way, where halide ions attacks and bond to the more substitution position of carbon-carbon double bond.
(d)
Interpretation:
The electrophilic reaction that forms 5 membered ring as intermediate should be identified.
Concept introduction:
Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.
In addition reaction of alkenes when two substituents are placed on same side of
Regioselective reaction: They are reactions which contain more than one product which are actually molecules with same molecular formula but different in the way they are connected and among those products only one product is major.
Markovnikov’s Addition Rule: The unsymmetrical alkene in a chemical compound reacts with hydrogen halide in a way, where halide ions attacks and bond to the more substitution position of carbon-carbon double bond.
Ozonolysis Reaction: It is an oxidative reaction which is used to oxidize the carbon-carbon double and triple bond.
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionChapter 6 Solutions
EBK ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- What's an appropriate reagents/conditions that goes inside the box (step 2)arrow_forwardIn the addition reactions of alkynes, the reagents undergo transformation to form first. a. a nucleophile b. an electrophile c. a carbocation d. a radicalarrow_forward7. Enols react as a. Electrophiles.....alkenes b. Electrophiles....alkanes c. Nucleophiles...alkenes d. Nucleophiles...alkanes in the same way that 8. Acylation of enolate ions proceeds by a a. E1 b. E2 C. SN1 d. SN2 c. Anhydride d. Beta-ketoacid | 9. The following molecule would be classified as a a. Alpha-ketoamide b. Beta-aldobase do. mechanism. HOarrow_forward
- A B Energy Energy Br Br CH3OH heat CH3OH heat Energy + Reaction Coordinate Energy Reaction Coordinate Answer the following questions for Reaction A 1. Assign the as SN1, SN2, E1 or E2 [Select 2. Number of sets of intermediates [Select] 3. Number of transition states [Select] 4. Choose the correct energy diagram Select Answer the following questions for Reaction B 5. Assign the as SN1, SN2, E1 or E2 [Select1 6. Number of sets of intermediates [Select] 7. Number of transition states [Select] 8. Choose the correct energy diagram [Select] 11 Reaction Coordinate IV Reaction Coordinatearrow_forwardWhat process will not yield carboxylic acid?arrow_forwardCreate a synthesis starting with the right side as the reagent and the left side as the productarrow_forward
- Determine the major product of the reaction.arrow_forwardComplete each sentence by matching with the correct statement.Increasing the concentration of a reactant: a. Increases the frequency and energy of molecular collisions which speeds up the rate of the reactionb. Reduces the energy and frequency of the collisions thus slowing down the rate of the reactionc. Increases the frequency of molecular collisions thus speeding up the rate of the reactiond. Increases the activation thus speeding up the rate of the reactione. Lowers the activation energy and speeds up the reactionf. Gives the molecules more energyAdding a catalyst to a reaction:a. Increases the frequency and energy of molecular collisions which speeds up the rate of the reactionb. Reduces the energy and frequency of the collisions thus slowing down the rate of the reactionc. Increases the frequency of molecular collisions thus speeding up the rate of the reactiond. Increases the activation thus speeding up the rate of the reactione. Lowers the activation energy and speeds up the…arrow_forwardCompound A can be converted to either B or C. The energy diagrams for both processes are drawn on the graph below. E В A C Reaction coordinate a. Label each reaction as endothermic or exothermic. b. Which reaction is faster? c. Which reaction generates the product lower in energy? d. Which points on the graphs correspond to transition states? e. Label the energy of activation for each reaction. f. Label the AH for each reaction. Energyarrow_forward
- Organic Chemistry: A Guided InquiryChemistryISBN:9780618974122Author:Andrei StraumanisPublisher:Cengage Learning