EBK BASIC BIOMECHANICS
7th Edition
ISBN: 9780100409453
Author: Hall
Publisher: YUZU
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Textbook Question
Chapter 6, Problem 5AP
If the fibers of a pennate muscle are oriented at a 45° angle to a central tendon, how much tension is produced in the tendon when the muscle fibers contract with 150 N of force? (Answer: 106 N)
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ney:
Load (L) = 5 kgs
= Effort
E = Fulcrum
Weight of forearm = 1.8 kgs
L = Load
Biceps brachii
muscle
Distance of load from elbow joint = 35 cm
%3D
Effort (E) = contraction
of biceps brachii
Distance of center of mass of forearm from elbow = 17 cm
Distance of tendon from elbow = 4 cm
A) Draw the free-body diagram to represent the forces and moments
Load (L) = weight of
object plus forearm
B) Write the torque equation for static equilibrium
Fulcrum (F) = elbow joint
Describe the relationship between the resting muscle length and the strength of its contraction. Hint: look at the length tension curve for skeletal muscle
Arrange the following in statements in the order that they occur during muscle contraction: 1-10
ACh leaves the synaptic knob and enters the synaptic cleft
The action potential is carried deep into the muscle cell by T tubules
The muscle cell relaxes and lengthens
Myosin binds to and pulls on actin, resulting in muscle shortening
Calcium attaches to troponin
As calcium re-enters the sarcoplasmic reticulum, its concentration at the myofilaments decreases
Calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Tropomyosin rolls out of the way, exposing actin
ACh diffuses across the synaptic cleft and attaches to protein receptors on the sarcolemma, resulting in muscle "excitation"
Na+ enters the muscle cell and K+ exits, resulting in an action potential
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- describe the events that lead to muscle contraction starting at the level of the neuromuscular junction. Make sure to use the terms: myosin, actin, calcium, troponin, tropomyosin, T tubules, SR, myosin head, ATP.arrow_forwardIndicate which of the following are true. Chronically shortened muscles will lose sarcomeres in series in order to maintain ideal amounts of myofilament overlap. Contractile force is proportional to the length of a muscle. Muscle organ contraction is all or nothing. Muscle cells are surrounded by an endomysium. Actin is the thick filament and Z-lines are where the cross-bridges zig-zag to adjacent actin filaments. Muscles with fewer motor units are weaker, i.e., capable of less force. A nerve impulse, calcium, and ATP are necessary for muscle contraction. Tendons attach bones to bones and help to limit the range of motion at joints. Muscle tissue is very dynamic and will respond to chronic stress by becoming stronger (making more myofilaments), chronic contraction by becoming shorter (losing sarcomeres in series), and stretching by becoming longer (adding sarcomeres in series). Myofilaments are actually long strands of proteins.arrow_forwardHill's equation gives a relation between muscle contraction rates νν and muscle tension TT (T+α)(ν+β)=(T0+α)β(T+α)(ν+β)=(T0+α)β for positive parameters αα and ββ and resting tension T0T0. Rewrite the equation so that the contraction rate is a function of tension.arrow_forward
- If the muscle fiber is stretched to 150% of muscle length and thentechnically stimulated, what would be the total force measured?arrow_forwardWhen utilizing microprocessor technology for testing muscle strength, you are typically looking at what form of muscle contraction? Concentric Isokinetic Isometric Eccentricarrow_forwardIf your biceps brachii muscle attaches to your forearm 2 inches below your elbow, the distance from the elbow to the palm of your hand is 18 inches, and you lift a 20 pound weight, how much pull must your muscle exert to achieve elbow flexion? If your biceps brachii muscle attaches to your forearm 2 inches below your elbow, the distance from the elbow to the palm of your hand is 18 inches, and you lift a 20 pound weight, how much pull must your muscle exert to achieve elbow flexion? hhharrow_forward
- Draw a graph of the isometric force–length relationshipof striated muscle, indicating where maximal overlap betweenactin and myosin filaments occurs.arrow_forwardWhen discussing the hierarchy of skeletal muscle organization, the is the Highest level of organization and the the Smallest level of organization. O Fascicle : Muscle cell (AKA Myocyte, AKA myofiber) O Muscle belly: Muscle cell (AKA Myocyte, AKA myofiber) O Myofbril : Sarcomere O Sarcomere: Muscle belly O Muscle belly Sarcomere « Previous Next »arrow_forwardDraw a graph of the force–shortening velocityrelationship of striated muscle.arrow_forward
- mid arm muscle circumfrence is 22.95 using mid arm muscle circumfrence to determine the health status on a 22 years old male which is 170cm tall and 58.5 kgarrow_forwardWhich of the following are part of the muscle contraction process?(More than one answer may be correct, please aid in answering) Question 5 options: ATP binds and detaches myosin head from actin GTP is hydrolyzed to GDP + P Acetylcholine released into neuromuscular junction by motor neurons Prolactin stimulates the reuptake of ATP. Ca2+ binds to troponin which moves tropomyosin away from actinarrow_forwardIndicate if the statements are TRUE or FALSE. Statements TRUE FALSE To initiate muscle contraction, calcium ions bind to, and change the shape of the troponin protein molecules which then pull the tropomyosin proteins off the myosin binding sites of the actin helix. An accumulation of lactic acid is the principal cause of sore muscles. During rest, excess oxygen molecules in the sarcoplasm are attracted to a large protein molecule called myoglobin. Anaerobic respiration is the first choice of the muscle cell for the production of ATP.arrow_forward
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