In a cyclotron (one type of particle accelerator), a deuteron (of mass 2.00 u) reaches a final speed of 10.0% of the
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- Which of the following statements are fundamental postulates of the special theory of relativity? More than one statement may be correct. (a) Light moves through a substance called the ether. (b) The speed of light depends on the inertial reference frame in which it is measured. (c) The laws of physics depend on the inertial reference frame in which they are used. (d) The laws of physics are the same in all inertial reference frames. (e) The speed of light is independent of the inertial reference frame in which it is measured.arrow_forwardThe radius Rh of a black hole is the radius of a mathematical sphere, called the event horizon, that is centered on the black hole. Information from events inside the event horizon cannot reach the outside world. According to Einstein's general theory of relativity, Rh = 2GM/c2, where M is the mass of the black hole and c is the speed of light. Suppose that you wish to study a black hole near it, at a radial distance of 48Rh. However, you do not want the difference in gravitational acceleration between your feet and your head to exceed 10 m/s2 when you are feet down (or head down) toward the black hole. (a) Take your height to be 1.5 m. What is the limit to the mass of the black hole you can tolerate at the given radial distance? Give the ratio of this mass to the mass MS of our Sun. (b) Is the ratio an upper limit estimate or a lower limit estimate?arrow_forwardThe radius Rh of a black hole is the radius of a mathematical sphere, called the event horizon, that is centered on the black hole. Information from events inside the event horizon cannot reach the outside world. According to Einstein's general theory of relativity, Rh = 2GM/c2, where M is the mass of the black hole and c is the speed of light. Suppose that you wish to study a black hole near it, at a radial distance of 48Rh. However, you do not want the difference in gravitational acceleration between your feet and your head to exceed 10 m/s2 when you are feet down (or head down) toward the black hole. (a) Take your height to be 1.5 m. What is the limit to the mass of the black hole you can tolerate at the given radial distance? Give the ratio of this mass to the mass MS of our Sun.arrow_forward
- Einstein concluded that gravity is the warping of the geometry of space-time based on the presence of matter. He published this theory—known as the general theory of relativity—in 1915. Einstein based the theory entirely on mathematics. He suggested a way of putting it to the test. He knew that the sun has a strong gravitational field. Its mass (about 1.99 × 10 30 kilograms) should not only affect the orbits of its planets but anything nearby. According to relativity, the sun’s gravitational field should bend light traveling to Earth from distant stars. Explain this in simpler terms.arrow_forwardA solid copper sphere of mass M and radius R has a cavity of radius ½ R. Inside the cavity a particle of mass m placed a distance d > R from the center of the sphere along the line connecting the centers of the sphere and the cavity. Find the gravitational force on m.arrow_forwardAn asteroid, headed directly toward Earth, has a speed of 12 km/s relative to the planet when the asteroid is 10 Earth radii from Earth’s center. Neglecting the effects of Earth’s atmosphere on the asteroid, find the asteroid’s speed v when it reaches Earth’s surface.arrow_forward
- Newton's universal law of gravitation states that every particle in the universe attracts every other particle with a force along a line joining them. The force is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. Mathematically, it can be written as GMm F According to this law, when mass of both objects is doubled, the force r m becomes two times larger compared to original O becomes four times larger compared to original becomes quarter of the original O becomes half compared to originalarrow_forwardThe CERN particle accelerator is circular with a circumference of 7.0 km. (a) What is the acceleration of the protons (m = 1.67 × 10−27 kg) that move around the accelerator at 5% of the speed of light? (The speed of light is v = 3.00 × 108 m/s. ) (b) What is the force on the protons?arrow_forwardOne of your summer lunar space camp activities is to launch a 1130 kg rocket from the surface of the Moon. You are a serious space camper and you launch a serious rocket: it reaches an altitude of 217 km. What gain AU in gravitational potential energy does the launch accomplish? The mass and radius of the Moon are 7.36 × 1022 kg and 1740 km, respectively. AU = Jarrow_forward
- In order to rendezvous with an asteroid passing close to the earth, a spacecraft must be moving at 8.50 * 10^3 m/s relative to the earth at a distance of 2.50 * 10^8 m from the center of the earth. At what speed must this spacecraft be launched from the earth’s surface? Neglect air resistance and the gravitational pull of the moon.arrow_forwardSuppose a lump of ionized matter orbits a black hole with a period of 3.50 ms and an orbital radius of 140 km. What is the mass of the black hole? The mass of the sun is Ms = 1.99 x10^30 kg. (Give your answer in terms of the solar mass.) A projectile is launched directly upward from the surface of the Earth with an initial speed of 7.1 km/s. Assuming air resistance is negligible, what is the maximum height of the projectile (in m)?arrow_forwardYou are on a space station, in a circular orbit h = 500 km above the surface of the Earth. You complete your tasks several days early and must wait for the next mission from the surface to bring you home. After days of boredom, you decide to play some golf. Walking on the space station surface with magnetic shoes, you tee up a golf ball. You hit it with all of your might, sending it off with speed υrel, relative to the space station, in a direction parallel to the velocity vector of the space station at the moment the ball is hit. You notice that you then orbit the Earth exactly n = 2.00 times and you reach up and catch the golf ball as it returns to the space station. With what speed υrel was the golf ball hit?arrow_forward
- Principles of Physics: A Calculus-Based TextPhysicsISBN:9781133104261Author:Raymond A. Serway, John W. JewettPublisher:Cengage LearningPhysics for Scientists and Engineers: Foundations...PhysicsISBN:9781133939146Author:Katz, Debora M.Publisher:Cengage Learning