Biology
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781259188138
Author: Peter H Raven, George B Johnson Professor, Kenneth A. Mason Dr. Ph.D., Jonathan Losos Dr., Susan Singer
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 7, Problem 2S
Human babies and hibernating or cold-adapted animals are able to maintain body temperature (a process called thermogenesis) due to the presence of brown fat. Brown fat is characterized by a high concentration of mitochondria. These brown fat mitochondria have a special protein located within their inner membranes. Thermogenin is a protein that functions as a passive proton transporter. Propose a likely explanation for the role of brown fat in thermogenesis based on your knowledge of
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The cardiovascular, respiratory, and gastrointestinal systems all work together to ensure that cells of the human body are able to carry out vital reactions, including aerobic respiration and protein synthesis.
Question. Write a short account to explain how each of these three systems ensures that cells receive the required raw ingredients needed for such cellular reactions and how two of the systems contribute to the removal of the waste products created.
Completion Note: (All three systems must be considered, and should include specific detail such as the role of named enzymes in the gastrointestinal tract and named biomolecules transported to and from cells. It is also important to briefly outline why body cells need to carry out aerobic respiration and protein synthesis.)
The ADP/ATP carrier, which exchanges cytoplasmic ADP and mitochondrial ATP, can also function as a passive proton transporter. a. Would the carrier protein augment or diminish the protonmotive force? b. Researchers found that nucleotide transport inhibits proton transport by the carrier protein. Could this competitive effect help link the rate of oxidative phosphorylation to the cell’s need for ATP?
Explain the role that proton (H+) movement plays in chemiosmotic ATP generation during oxidative phosphorylation (“oxphos”) in aerobic cellular respiration. Include in your answer a description of the process (i.e., where H+ are originally, where they accumulate, etc). You don't need to name all of the members of the transport chain.
Chapter 7 Solutions
Biology
Ch. 7 - Prob. 1UCh. 7 - Which of the following processes is (are) required...Ch. 7 - Which of the following is NOT a product of...Ch. 7 - Glycolysis produces ATP by a. phosphorylating...Ch. 7 - What is the role of NAD+ in the process of...Ch. 7 - The reactions of the Krebs cycle occur in the a....Ch. 7 - The electrons carried by NADH and FADH2 can be a....Ch. 7 - Prob. 1ACh. 7 - Prob. 2ACh. 7 - Prob. 3A
Ch. 7 - What is the importance of fermentation to cellular...Ch. 7 - Prob. 5ACh. 7 - Prob. 6ACh. 7 - Yeast cells that have mutations in genes that...Ch. 7 - Use the following table to outline the...Ch. 7 - Human babies and hibernating or cold-adapted...Ch. 7 - Recent data indicate a link between colder...
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- Give typed explanation When an ATP molecule is hydrolyzed in cells, it is quickly recycled back into ATP so that it can be reused. According to most estimates, the average human body has 100g of ATP, but must be hydrolyze around their total body weight in ATP per day to maintain basic metabolism. For a 65 kg person, how many times must each ATP molecule be hydrolyzed and regenerated per day? b) Calculate the heat produced by hydrolysis of 65 kg of ATP (molecular weight of ATP is 507.18)arrow_forwardSome enzymes can catalyze a reaction involving NADH but cannot catalyze a reaction that uses NADPH. Why may this be? When the substrate concentration is below the Km for an enzyme, what “order” will best explain thereaction? Explain.The cells that line the intestine have a transporter called GLUT5. While it can transport both fructose and glucose but has a much lower Km for fructose. Describe a physiological situation where the GLUT5 transporter is transporting fructose and glucose at the same rate. [consider using a graph to support your answer]arrow_forwardAlthough the outer mitochondrial membrane is permeable to all small molecules, the inner mitochondrial membrane is essentially impermeable in the absence of specific transport proteins. Consider this information answer: If the inner mitochondrial membrane were rendered as permeable as the outer membrane, how would that affect oxidative phosphorylation? Which specific processes would stop and which remain?arrow_forward
- Give only typing answer with explanation and conclusion Consider a situation where the electrical potential inside a cell is 173 mV, the electrical potential outside a cell is −60 mV, the concentration of potassium inside the cell is 20 mM and the concentration outside is 166 mM. How many millimoles of glucose are required to create the ATP necessary to transport one mole of potassium into the cell at 25.0 C and pH 7.00? Assume that aerobic respiration is working at maximum efficiency and note that accurate accounting of significant digits will help lead you to the correct answer.arrow_forwardExplain at the molecular level how brown adipose tissue (brown fat) produces heat by non-shivering thermogenesis.arrow_forwardStearic acid is an 18-carbon fatty acid. If a single molecular of stearic acid is within the cytosol of the cells: Describe the process by which stearic acid would be metabolised, beginning the molecule in the cytosol of the cell, ending with the creation of ATP, and assuming the cell has sufficient oxygen for all reactions to take place Showing all working, calculate how many ATP molecules could be generated from a single molecule of stearic acid in the cytosol of the cellarrow_forward
- The bodies of humans and other mammals store triglycerides in two kinds of tissue, which are called white and brown fat. The main function of white fat is to store triglycerides for energy. Brown tissue has more mitochondria than white tissue, and these are used to generate body heat in an unusual process. Mitochondria in brown fat make thermogenin, a protein that uncouples ATP synthesis from mitochondrial electron transfer chains. Thermogenin is a transport protein that allows hydrogen ions to move directly across the inner mitochondrial membrane instead of through ATP synthase. Since ATP synthase isn't activated, these "leaky" membranes produce less ATP. However, electrons still pass through electron transfer chains, and this process generates heat. In 2015, Daniele Barbato and his colleagues investigated the effect of a high-fat diet on brown fat mitochondrial function in mice. They maintained an experimental group of mice on a high-fat diet (HFD, 60% fat), and a control group…arrow_forwardCells and Membranes b. Give two examples of molecules that require energy to pass through cell membranes, why do they need energy to do so?arrow_forwardConsider the impact of Substance One on cellular respiration. Assume it has an influence at the cellular level, no effect on hunger and no other effects than the one described. Would this substance likely cause weight gain or weight loss? Explain why you believe it would have this effect using your knowledge of cell respiration and ATP.Substance One’s Effect: Impedes the binding of NAD+ to electrons.arrow_forward
- Imagine that the concentrations of reactants and products for the coupled reactions above in the cell are at a level that yields a smaller molar ratio of the concentrations than those relevant to the standard state conditions. Would the net free energy of coupled glucose breakdown and ATP synthesis be more or less favorable than the answer for net free energy of coupled glucose breakdown and ATP synthesis in organism in standard conditions. Please explain answerarrow_forwardWhen you exercise, your muscles are using ATP to do the movements. Thus, the cell is doing cellular respiration in order to replace the ATP it has used. A) Draw a series of diagrams showing the energy transfers that occur during exercise (include: ATP, muscle, heat, cell respiration, glucose). B) When we exercise, we produce a lot of heat, to cool us down, our body produces sweat. According to the laws of thermodynamics, where is the heat coming from? C) When we exercise to lose weight, where is that mass going (do we sweat it out, it turns into heat, becomes digestive waste, how do we eliminate it?)?arrow_forwarda) What is the process by which cells generate ATP through a series of redox (chemical) reactions called? How many ATPs generated through this process from one Glucose molecule? b) What does cellular respiration accomplish for the cell? c) What happens to the NADH produced in glycolysis? Why does it need to get into the mitochondria? d) Write the role of O2 in cellular respiration. e) What happens to our body’s enzyme activity during fever? f) What is the difference between apo-enzyme and holo-enzyme? g) What is meant by the term specificity in relation to enzyme activity? h) If humans evolved from apes, why are there still apes? i) What are the risk factors of type 2 diabetes? j) Why was Lamarck wrong about giraffes?arrow_forward
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The Cell Membrane; Author: The Organic Chemistry Tutor;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AsffT7XIXbA;License: Standard youtube license