Intro Spectroscopy
5th Edition
ISBN: 9781305221796
Author: PAVIA
Publisher: Cengage
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Integrated ConceptsFusion probability is greatly enhanced when appropriate nuclei are brought close together, but mutual Coulomb repulsion must be overcome. This can be done using the kinetic energy of high-temperature gas ions or by accelerating the nuclei toward one another.
(a) Calculate the potential energy of two singly charged nuclei separated by 1.00 × 10-12 m by finding the voltage of one at that distance and multiplying by the charge of the other.
(b) At what temperature will atoms of a gas have an average kinetic energy equal to this needed electrical potential energy?
The magnetic dipole moment of the gadolinium atom is about 6.3 ✕ 10−23 A · m2.
(a)
Calculate the maximum magnetic dipole moment (in A · m2) of a domain consisting of 1019 gadolinium atoms.
(b)
What current (in A) would have to flow through a single circular loop of wire of diameter 1.2 cm to produce the magnetic dipole moment you calculated?
To obtain the most precise value of BE from the equation BE=[ZM(1H)+ Nmn]c2 − m(AX)c2 , we should take into account the binding energy of the electrons in the neutral atoms. Will doing this produce a larger or smaller value for BE? Why is this effect usually negligible?
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- Estimate kBT at room temperature, and convert this energy into electronvolts (eV). Using this result, answer the following: (a) Would you expect hydrogen atoms to be ionized at room temperature? (The binding energy of an electron in a hydrogen atom is 13.6 eV.) (b) Would you expect the rotational energy levels of diatomic molecules to be excited at room temperature? (It costs about 10−4 eV to promote such a system to an excited rotational energy level.)arrow_forwardConsider BF3 (point group D3h). There are SALCs from the F valence orbitals which transform as A″2 and E″. Are there any valence orbitals of the central B atom that can have a non-zero overlap with these SALCs? How would your conclusion differ for AlF3, where 3d orbitals might be available?arrow_forwardA sample of paramagnetic salt contains 2.0 × 1024 atomic dipoles each of dipole moment 1.5×10-23 J T-1. The sample is placed under a homogeneous magnetic field of 0.64 T, and cooled to a temperature of 4.2 K. The degree of magnetic saturation achieved is equal to 15%. What is the total dipole moment of the sample for a magnetic field of 0.98 T and a temperature of 2.8 K? (Assume Curie’s law)arrow_forward
- Estimate kBT at room temperature, and convert this energy into electronvolts (eV). Using this result, answer the following: (a) Would you expect hydrogen atoms to be ionized at room temperature? (The binding energy of an electron in a hydrogen atom is 13.6 eV.) (b) Would you expect the rotational energy levels of diatomic molecules to be excited at room temperature? (It costs about 10-4 eV to promote such a system to an excited rotational energy level.)arrow_forwardWhy do we need to find the derivative then if we only use 6.5 paired with sin and 2.3 paired with cos? When we find the derivative, do they not switch?arrow_forwardWhat is the magnitude of the electric field at a distance of 0.1 nm from a thorium nucleus? I have tried 2.304E-8 and 2.07E-6 and they are both wrongarrow_forward
- The 10-fold X-ray reduction values for (a) water, (b) concreate, (c) iron and (d) lead are equal 100 cm, 20 cm, 10 cm and 5 cm, respectively. Find corresponding values of linear attenuation coefficients. can you use the formulas in the pictures please.arrow_forwardDerive linear density expressions for BCC [110] direction and planar density expressions forFCC (100) plane in terms of the atomic radius R with aid of sketches.arrow_forward
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