Chemistry: Principles and Reactions
Chemistry: Principles and Reactions
8th Edition
ISBN: 9781305079373
Author: William L. Masterton, Cecile N. Hurley
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 7, Problem 75QAP
Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of N forms 3 bonds using sp3 hybrid orbitals needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

  • Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals.
  • The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AXm En ,
  • A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central atom

    m = number of atoms around the central atom or the number of bonds around A

    n = number of unshared electron pairs.

    The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of N forms 2 pi bonds and 1 sigma bond needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

  • Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals.
  • The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AXm En ,
  • A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central atom

    m = number of atoms around the central atom or the number of bonds around A

    n = number of unshared electron pairs.

    The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of O forms 1 pi bond and 1 sigma bond needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

  • Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals.
  • The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AXm En ,
  • A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central atom

    m = number of atoms around the central atom or the number of bonds around A

    n = number of unshared electron pairs.

    The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of C forms 4 bonds, where 3 bonds are formed using carbon sp2 hybrid orbitals, needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

  • Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals.
  • The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AXm En ,
  • A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central atom

    m = number of atoms around the central atom or the number of bonds around A

    n = number of unshared electron pairs.

    The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of Xe forms 2 bondsusing two sp3d hybrid orbitals, needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

  • Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals.
  • The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AXm En ,
  • A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central atom

    m = number of atoms around the central atom or the number of bonds around A

    n = number of unshared electron pairs.

    The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom

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Chapter 7 Solutions

Chemistry: Principles and Reactions

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Quantum Molecular Orbital Theory (PChem Lecture: LCAO and gerade ungerade orbitals); Author: Prof Melko;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l59CGEstSGU;License: Standard YouTube License, CC-BY