Campbell Biology in Focus; Modified Mastering Biology with Pearson eText -- ValuePack Access Card -- for Campbell Biology in Focus (2nd Edition)
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9780134433776
Author: Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 7.4, Problem 3CC
MAKE CONNECTIONS Membranes must be fluid to function properly (as you learned in Concept 5.1). How does the operation of the electron transport chain support that assertion?
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Describe the role of each of the membrane proteins shown in the picture below. Think about what is happening to the electrons and describe how energy is transformed as electrons move along the chain. Part of this involves the formation of the proton gradient. The other part is the explanation of the energetics of electron transport that you investigated above. In other words, the reason that electrons always flow from complex I to complex III to complex IV to oxygen.
Fill in the blank: Addition of electron(s) to a substance is the process of (1). Removal of electron(s) from a substance is the process of (2). In terms of moving the electrons from one substance to another, electron carriers that are (3) or are (4) can be employed. Bacteria can have electrons move along the (5) membrane. (6) move each electron to stronger and stronger electron acceptors in the membrane. Ultimately, the electron will be added to (7) to generate water. Meanwhile, the protons generated during all this electron transfer are transported back across the membrane to form (8).
Protons move across the thylakoid membrane in both directions during the light reactions of photosynthesis......
1. When protons move in to the thylakoid, are they moving up or down their concentration gradient? (From low to high concentration or from high to low concentration?)
2. Since protons are charged, they cannot freely diffuse across a plasma membrane. What protein(s) facilitate the transport of protons in to the thylakoid?
Chapter 7 Solutions
Campbell Biology in Focus; Modified Mastering Biology with Pearson eText -- ValuePack Access Card -- for Campbell Biology in Focus (2nd Edition)
Ch. 7.1 - Compare and contrast aerobic and anaerobic...Ch. 7.1 - Name and describe the two ways in which ATP is...Ch. 7.1 - Prob. 3CCCh. 7.2 - During step 6 in Figure 7.9, which molecule acts...Ch. 7.3 - Name the molecules that conserve most of the...Ch. 7.3 - Prob. 2CCCh. 7.4 - Prob. 1CCCh. 7.4 - Prob. 2CCCh. 7.4 - MAKE CONNECTIONS Membranes must be fluid to...Ch. 7.5 - Prob. 1CC
Ch. 7.5 - WHAT IF? A glucose-fed yeast cell is moved from an...Ch. 7.6 - MAKE CONNECTIONS Compare the structure of a fat...Ch. 7.6 - Prob. 2CCCh. 7.6 - WHAT IF? During intense exercise, can a muscle...Ch. 7 - The immediate energy source that drives ATP...Ch. 7 - Which metabolic pathway is common to both...Ch. 7 - In mitochondria, exergonic redox reactions A. are...Ch. 7 - The final electron acceptor of the electron...Ch. 7 - What is the oxidizing agent in the following...Ch. 7 - When electrons flow along the electron transport...Ch. 7 - Most co, from catabolism is released during A....Ch. 7 - DRAW IT The graph here shows the pH difference...Ch. 7 - INTERPRET THE DATA Phosphofructokinase is an...Ch. 7 - Prob. 10TYUCh. 7 - FOCUS ON EVOLUTION ATP synthases are found in the...Ch. 7 - Prob. 12TYUCh. 7 - Prob. 13TYU
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- While holding your hand on your ribs, take a deep breath and observe how much your chest expands. How you would have to breathe at higher altitudes to achieve the same effect? You would have to take slow, shorter breaths to take in the same number of air mo- lecules to achieve the same expansion. You would have to breathe exactly the same to take in the same number of air molecules to achieve the same expansion. You would have to breathe deeper to take in the same number of air molecules to achieve the same expansion. You would have to take fast, shallow breaths to take in enough air molecules to get the same expansion.arrow_forwardFigure 7.12 Cyanide inhibits cytochrome c oxidase, a component of the electron transport chain. If cyanide poisoning occurs, would you expect the pH of the intermembrane space to increase or decrease? What effect would cyanide have on ATP synthesis?arrow_forwardThe production of a hydrogen ion concentration gradient powers the production of ATP in both photosynthesis and cellular respiration. 2,4-Dinitrophenol (DNP) is an organic compound that 'undoes' the hydrogen ion concentration gradient without the production of ATP. It does this by increasing the membrane permeability to hydrogen ions. One use of DNP is as a herbicide.For a brief period in the 1930s, DNP was marketed as a diet pill. Because DNP prevents the production of ATP, the human body will begin to use alternate forms of energy. The result is an increase in the metabolism of fats in the body, thus reducing total body fat. In the presence of DNP, the energy that normally would be converted to ATP for use in the cells is converted to heat instead, causing dangerously high body temperatures.DNP is classified as an illegal substance in Canada and the U.S. although it is still marketed as a commercial chemical. In recent years, several deaths have been reported, primarily in the…arrow_forward
- a) At the organelle/molecular level inside a mitochondrion, wWhy do cells engaged in aerobic cellular respiration need O2? At what points during aerobic cellular resp is CO2 released? b) O2 and CO2 do not dissolve in water easily but cells must be moist to have functional phospholipid bilayers. For air breathers, moist lungs might collapse and stick together so what prevents this? c) Aquatic animals contend with the relatively lower O2 levels in water, but at least they don’t have to deal with ventilating lung. Complex gills like in fish maximize O2 exchange with a counter-current system ensuring there is always a gradient between the water and the blood. How does this ensure there is always a gradient between the water and the blood? (many people mix this up so think carefully)arrow_forwardIntermembrane space 1 2 NADH 3 H+ H+ (H+ H+ FADH₂ H+ H+ 2 free hydrogen ions 4 Н+ (H+ (H+ (H+ 2 electrons exiting ETC H+ 5 H+ 1/2 of an O₂ molecule (H+ H+ H+ H₂O x 2 H+ H+ ADP PO, H+ (H+ Soome ATParrow_forwardAre electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation the same process? Why or why not?arrow_forward
- (3) Chloroplast (D) Cellulose (C) Golgi Bodies The major biomolecular responsible for uptake of material across the plasma membrane is: (A) Carbohydrate (C) Protein Phospholipid with unsaturated fatty acid tail, make the membranes: (A) More fluid (C) The statement is incomplete Smooth endoplasmic reticulum makes: (A) Enzymes (C) Sugar The face of the golgi bodies towards the nucleus is called: (A) Dictyosome (C) Trans phase Microvillae are also called: (A) Leaf veins (C) Capillaries Plant cells synthesized sugar in the: (A) Grana (C) Thylakoid The amount of DNA in mammal cells: Q.2 (B) lipid (D) Phospholipid Q.3 (B) Less fluid (D) None of these Q.4 (B) Protein (D) Lipid Q.5 (B) Cis-phase (D) Both B and C Q.6 (B) Cristae (D) None of these Q.7 (B) Stroma (D) Cristae Q.8 (A) 5% (C) 0.25% The most abundant biomolecules on the earth is: (A) Nucleic acid (C) Carbohydrate 10 molecules of glucose require ATP: (A) 70 (C) 90 Bacteria used by Griffith in 1928: (A) Monotrichous (C) Amphitrichous…arrow_forwardClassify each of the following examples as: (1) potential energy, (2) kinetic energy, or (3) a transformation of energy DOD electron transport causes hydrogen ions (H+) to accumulate in a membrane-enclosed compartment sunlight heat ATP supplies one of its phosphates to a membrane protein, activating it so that it can transport a specific molecule glucose (a monosaccharide sugar with the chemical formula C6H1206) 1. potential energy 2. kinetic energy 3. energy transformationarrow_forwardIntermembrane Space Protein Complex of Electron H Carriers ATP Synthase Cyt C NADH NAD FADH FAD 2H + ,0, H,0 Mitochondrial Matrix ADP+ ATP Electron Transport Chain Chemiosmosis Oxidative Phosphorylation 19- Cyanide inhibits cytochrome c oxidase, a component of the electron transport chain. If cyanide poisoning occurs, would you expect the pH of the intermembrane space to increase or decrease? What effect would cyanide have on ATP synthesis? 20. Because they lose their mitochondria during development, red blood cells cannot perform aerobic respiration; however, they do perform glycolysis in the cytoplasm. Why do all cells need an energy source, and what would happen if glycolysis were blocked in a red blood cell? 21. What is the primary difference between a circular pathway and a linear pathway? 22. How do the roles of ubiquinone and cytochrome c differ from the roles of the other components of the electron transport chain? 23. What accounts for the different number of ATP molecules…arrow_forward
- 5. Molecular structure and principle of action of ATP synthase. 6. Inhibitors of electron transport in the respiratory chain of mitochondria. 7. Inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation in the respiratory chain of mitochondria. 8. Uncouplers of electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation in the respiratory chain of mitochondria. 9. Physiologically active compounds - uncouplers of electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation in the respiratory chain of mitochondria. 10. The role of electron transport uncouplers and oxidative phosphorylation in the regulation of thermogenesis in humans and animals.arrow_forwardThe following diagrams illustrate the two aqueous spaces and the inner membrane of a mitochondrion. In which diagram is the relative concentration of protons auch that ATP synthesis could occur if ATP synthase were present? (Gold spheres represent protons.) 圈圈圈圈圈 A B D E OA OB OC OD OE intermembrane space Anner membrane matriearrow_forwardBoth oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylationtrap energy in high-energy bonds. How are these processesdifferent? How are they the same?arrow_forward
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