Research Methods for Behavioral Sciences - With MindTap
6th Edition
ISBN: 9781337754989
Author: GRAVETTER
Publisher: CENGAGE L
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Chapter 8, Problem 10E
Describe some of the problems that can arise when the participants in one treatment condition of a between-subjects experiment are allowed to communicate with participants in a different condition.
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In a research study, wherein the researcher wanted to know if people’s intelligence is perceived differently based on race, participants observed either a Caucasian, African American, or Asian American stimulus person giving a speech. All stimulus persons gave the same verbal speech. After observing this person, the participants had to rate the stimulus person’s level of intelligence on a scale of 1-10. The participants were separated by gender and their ratings were analyzed separately.
How many possible interaction effects might the researcher find?
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Describe some of the problems that can arise when the participants in one treatment condition of a between-subjects experiment are allowed to communicate with participants in a different condition.
A within-groups experiment differs from a between-groups experiment because:
The IV is split into two groups, treatment and control conditions, in a within-groups design, whereas a between-groups design includes a placebo control condition.
Within-groups design makes sure everyone in the sample participates in all of the treatment conditions, whereas for a between-subjects design each participant may only be assigned to one of the treatment conditions.
The independent variable can be a subject variable when you have a within-subjects design, whereas for the between-subjects design the IV can only be an experimental variable (not a subject variable).
The population means are always known for a within-groups design, whereas for between-subjects designs they are unknown.
Chapter 8 Solutions
Research Methods for Behavioral Sciences - With MindTap
Ch. 8.1 - Describe, compare, and contrast the defining...Ch. 8.1 - Explain the general advantages and disadvantages...Ch. 8.2 - Define individual differences and explain how...Ch. 8.3 - Identify the three primary techniques for limiting...Ch. 8.4 - Describe how individual differences influence...Ch. 8.4 - Identify the options for reducing or controlling...Ch. 8.5 - Describe how differential attrition and...Ch. 8.6 - Describe how between-subjects designs are used to...Ch. 8 - In addition to the key words, you should also be...Ch. 8 - At the beginning of this chapter (p. 186) we...
Ch. 8 - In a between-subjects design, each individual...Ch. 8 - A researcher has a sample of 30 rats that are all...Ch. 8 - Briefly explain how a participant characteristic,...Ch. 8 - Explain the advantages and disadvantages of using...Ch. 8 - A recent survey at a major corporation found that...Ch. 8 - Describe how individual differences can produce...Ch. 8 - Explain how holding a participant variable such as...Ch. 8 - Describe some of the problems that can arise when...Ch. 8 - Describe the advantages of a two-group design...Ch. 8 - Identify the advantages of a multiple-group design...
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- What is an experiment?arrow_forwardA doctor wanted to study the effect of four different treatments on mental health. A group of 100 adults experiencing depression volunteered for the study. The doctor randomly assigned one-fourth of them to each of four groups. Group 1 followed a specific exercise plan, group 2 followed a specific diet plan, group 3 followed an exercise and diet plan, and group 4 did not follow any plan. After 4 weeks, the doctor contacted each participant and asked them if they felt any better. The results are displayed in the table. The doctor would like to know if these data provide convincing evidence that the distribution of responses differs across the treatment groups in the population of all patients like these. The random condition is met. The 10% condition is not needed because random sampling did not take place. This table of expected counts shows that all expected counts are at least 5. The value of the chi-square test statistic is χ‑2 = 25.33. What are the degrees of freedom and…arrow_forwardA doctor wanted to study the effect of four different treatments on mental health. A group of 100 adults experiencing depression volunteered for the study. The doctor randomly assigned one-fourth of them to each of four groups. Group 1 followed a specific exercise plan, group 2 followed a specific diet plan, group 3 followed an exercise and diet plan, and group 4 did not follow any plan. After 4 weeks, the doctor contacted each participant and asked them if they felt any better. The results are displayed in the table. The doctor would like to know if these data provide convincing evidence that the distribution of responses differs across the treatment groups in the population of all patients like these. Are the conditions for inference met? No, the random condition is not met. No, the 10% condition is not met. No, the Large Counts condition is not met. Yes, all three conditions for inference are met.arrow_forward
- Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Dr. Guidry submits her study for publication in a scientific journal. If one of the peer reviewers is concerned about the external validity of her study, which of the following is the most important aspect of Dr. Guidry's study to consider? the number of significant findings the random sampling technique used to recruit the participants the number of people in the sample the use of three measured variablesarrow_forwardA doctor wanted to study the effect of four different treatments on mental health. A group of 100 adults experiencing depression volunteered for the study. The doctor randomly assigned one-fourth of them to each of four groups. Group 1 followed a specific exercise plan, group 2 followed a specific diet plan, group 3 followed an exercise and diet plan, and group 4 did not follow any plan. After 4 weeks, the doctor contacted each participant and asked them if they felt any better. The results are displayed in the table. The doctor would like to know if these data provide convincing evidence that the distribution of responses differs across the treatment groups in the population of all patients like these. The random condition is met. The 10% condition is not needed because random sampling did not take place. This table of expected counts shows that all expected counts are at least 5. What is the value of the chi-square test statistic? χ‑2 = 5.03 χ‑2 = 6.26 χ‑2 = 25.33 χ‑2 = 39.22arrow_forwardWhich of the independent variables retains the strongest association with the number of children a respondent has when all other variables in the model are controlled?arrow_forward
- A scientist is studying the relationship between stomach aches and headaches among students. On her survey, she asked if the participant had headaches that could be classified as “sudden,” “chronic,” or “none.” The survey also asked if the participant had stomach aches with answers of “yes” or “no.” From the survey she found: 14% have sudden headaches; 22% have chronic headaches; 15% have stomach aches; Of those with stomach aches, 1⁄3 have sudden headaches. Of those with no headaches, 1⁄8 have stomach aches. What is the probability that a randomly selected student from the survey did not have stomach aches, but they do have chronic headaches?arrow_forwardA clinical researcher would like to know whether a certain drug is more effective at treating lepression than just psychotherapy alone. In order to study this topic, the researcher gains access to a population of individuals diagnosed with depression and administers surveys to a random subset of that population. To assess the relationship between therapy type and depression symptoms, the survey asks participants what their current treatment plan involves (drug therapy, psychotherapy, both drug and psychotherapy, or no therapy) and what their current depression symptoms include. This study is a(n): observational study randomized comparative experiment stratified random sample block designarrow_forwardWhich of the independent variables retains the strongest association with the number of children a respondent has when all other variables in the model are controlled? What is that association? Which has the weakest when other variables are controlled?arrow_forward
- What is the experimental group in a study? The similar subjects who do not receive the special treatment given to the experimental group. O The entire components of a study including the control, dependent variable, independent variable, and all other parameters. O The team performing the experiment. The subjects that receive some type of special treatment in regards to the independent variable.arrow_forwardWhenever a two-factor experiment results in a significant interaction, you should be cautious about interpreting the main effects because an interaction can distort, conceal, or exaggerate the main effects of the individual factors. True Falsearrow_forwardhe paper "From Dr. Kildare to Grey's Anatomy"† describes several studies of how the way in which doctors are portrayed on television might influence public perception of doctors. One study was described as follows. Rebecca Chory, Ph.D., now an associate professor of communication at West Virginia University, began studying the effect of such portrayals on patients' attitudes toward physicians. Using a survey of 300 undergraduate students, she compared perceptions of physicians in 1992—the end of the era when physicians were shown as all-knowing, wise father figures—with those in 1999, when shows such as ER and Chicago Hope (1994–2000) were continuing the transformation to showing the private side and lives of physicians, including vivid demonstrations of their weaknesses and insecurities. Dr. Chory found that, regardless of the respondents' personal experience with physicians, those who watched certain kinds of television had declining perceptions of physicians' composure and regard…arrow_forward
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