EBK MICROECONOMICS
21st Edition
ISBN: 8220103960151
Author: McConnell
Publisher: YUZU
expand_more
expand_more
format_list_bulleted
Question
Chapter 8, Problem 11DQ
To determine
Self-interest behavior.
Expert Solution & Answer
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionStudents have asked these similar questions
Newfoundland’s fishing industry has recently declined sharply due to overfish- ing, even though fishing companies were supposedly bound by a quota agree- ment. If all fishermen had abided by the agreement, yields could have been maintained at high levels. LO4
Model this situation as a prisoner’s dilemma in which the players are Company A and Company B and the strategies are to keep the quota and break the quota. Include appropriate payoffs in the matrix. Explain why overfishing is inevitable in the absence of effective enforcement of the quota agreement.
Provide another environmental example of a prisoner’s dilemma.
In many potential prisoner’s dilemmas, a way out of the dilemma for a would-be cooperator is to make reliable character judgments about the trustworthiness of potential partners. Explain why this solution is not avail-
able in many situations involving degradation of the environment.
4. Consider a three-player bargaining, where the players are negotiating over
a surplus of one unit of utility. The game begins with player 1 proposing
a three-way split of the surplus. Then player 2 must decide whether to
accept the proposal or to substitute for player 1's proposal his own alternative
proposal. Finally, player 3 must decide whether to accept or reject current
proposal (it is player 1's if player 2 accepts or player 2's if player 2 offer a
new one). If he accepts, then the players obtain the specified shares of the
surplus. If player 3 rejects, then the players each get 0.
(a) Draw the extensive form game of this perfect-information game.
(b) Determine the subgame perfect NE.
10. Player A and Player B are playing a game . First , Player A chooses to either " Keep " or " Pass " . Second , Player B observes A's choice and Player B then chooses to either Keep or Pass . This process continues which creates the sequential game below .
Please mark decisions that rational and selfish players will choose at every decision node ( 3 decisions by player A and 3 decisions by player B ) - mark them on the Figure . What is the equilibrium of this game ?
Knowledge Booster
Similar questions
- 4. Consider the two-player game with the following matrix form representation A B A 0,0 0,0 B 0,0 0,0 where player 1 is the "row player,” player 2 is the "column player," and, for every cell, the left-most number is the utility that player 1 obtains from the corresponding (pure) strategy profile and the right-most number is the utility that player 2 obtains from the corresponding (pure) strategy profile. At the time they choose their strategies, the players are uncertain about 0 and put probability ½ on 0 = 6 and probability ½ on 0 = −8. (a) Find the Nash equilibria of this game. l 1 Now suppose that player 1 can acquire information about the value of 0 before choosing between A and B. In particular, player 1 can purchase an information structure at cost 1 that, conditional on 0 = 6, results in signal h with probability and signal with probability 1, and, conditional on 0 = −8, results in signal h with probability ½ and signal with probability . Take the (pure) strategy set of player 1…arrow_forward8. Two states, A and B, have signed an arms-control agreement. This agreementcommits them to refrain from building certain types of weapons. The agreement is supposed tohold for an indefinite length of time. However, A and B remain potential enemies who wouldprefer to be able to cheat and build more weapons than the other. The payoff table for A (player1, the row player) and B (player 2, the column player) in each period after signing thisagreement is below. a) First assume that each state uses Tit-for-Tat (TFT) as a strategy in this repeated game.The rate of return is r. For what values of r would it be worth it for player A to cheat bybuilding additional weapons just once against TFT? b) For what values of r would it be worth deviating from the agreement forever to buildweapons? c) Convert both values you found in parts a and b to the equivalent discount factor dusing the formula given in lecture and section. d) Use the answers you find to discuss the relationship between d and r:…arrow_forward4 Consider an extensive game where player 1 starts with choosing of two actions, A or B. Player 2 observes player 1’s move and makes her move; if the move by player 1 is A, then player 2 can take three actions, X, Y or Z, if the move by player 1 is B, then player 2 can take of of two actions, U or V. Write down all teminal histories, proper subhistories, the player function and strategies of players in this game.arrow_forward
- Neha and Lorenzo need to decide which one of them will take time off from work to complete the rather urgent task of digging postholes for their new fence. Neha is pretty good with a post auger; she can dig the holes in 30 minutes. Lorenzo is somewhat slow; it takes him 5 hours to dig the holes. Neha earns $110 per hour as a personal trainer, while Lorenzo earns $25 per hour as a clerk. Keeping in mind that either Neha or Lorenzo must take time off from work to dig the holes, who has the lower opportunity cost of completing the task? a) Neha and Lorenzo face identical opportunity costs b)Neha C)Lorenzoarrow_forward4. There is a project for which player 1 can exert effort e > 0 that costs her c(e) = 0.5e2. If player 1 and player 2 can come to an agreement, then a total value of v(e) = e is produced, which can be allocated between the two players. Effort also produces a value y(e) = ke, where k = [0, 1], that player 1 can obtain for herself if player 1 and 2 fail to agree. The game has three stages: (I stage) Player 1 chooses effort e > 0; (II Stage) Player 2 observes e and chooses and effort level a € [0, 1]; (III stage) Player 1 observes a and either agrees (a) or rejects (r) the offer. If player 1 accepts the offer, then her payoff is ae - 0.5e² and player 2's payoff (1-a)e. If she rejects the offer, then player 1's payoff is ke - 0.5e² and player 2's payoff is zero. What is the subgame perfect equilibrium effort choice? ●arrow_forwardSuppose players A and B play a discrete ultimatum game where A proposes to split a $5 surplus and B responds by either accepting the offer or rejecting it. The offer can only be made in $1 increments. If the offer is accepted, the players' payoffs resemble the terms of the offer while if the offer is rejected, both players get zero. Also assume that players always use the strategy that all strictly positive offers are accepted, but an offer of $0 is rejected. A. What is the solution to the game in terms of player strategies and payoffs? Explain or demonstrate your answer. B. Suppose the ultimatum game is played twice if player B rejects A's initial offer. If so, then B is allowed to make a counter offer to split the $5, and if A rejects, both players get zero dollars at the end of the second round. What is the solution to this bargaining game in terms of player strategies and payoffs? Explain/demonstrate your answer. C. Suppose the ultimatum game is played twice as in (B) but now there…arrow_forward
- 2. Consider the following "centipede game." The game starts with player 1 choosing be- tween terminate (T) and continue (C). If player 1 chooses C, the game proceeds with player 2 choosing between terminate (t) and continue (c). The two players choose be- tween terminate and continue in turn if the other player chooses continue until the terminal nodes with (player l's payoff, player 2's payoff) are reached as shown below. TTTT Player 1 Player 2 Player 1 Player 2 (3, 3) t (1, 1) (0, 3) (2, 2) (1, 4) (a) List all possible strategies of each player. (b) Transform the game tree into a normal-form matrix representation. (c) Find all pure-strategy Nash equilibria. (d) Find the unique pure-strategy subgame-perfect equilibrium.arrow_forwardMaipo and Pisco need to decide how to divide a cake between the two of them. Both like cake and want to get as much cake as they can. They decide to let Maipo cut the cake first and then Pisco gets to pick which piece he wants. For simplicity, assume that Maipo can only cut the cake in two ways: He can either divide it into two pieces that are equal size (i.e., both will get half the cake) or he can divide the cake into two pieces where one piece is twice the size of the other (i.e., one will get a piece that is two-thirds of the cake and the other will get a piece that is one-third of the cake). a. Set up this game as a sequential game and draw the game tree that represents it Note: You can either draw the game tree by hand and then photograph/scan the tree and paste it into the assignment or use the drawing tool in Word to draw the tree. b. Find the sub-game perfect Nash Equilibria to this game. Underline the strategies or highlight the game tree path to show what the Nash Equilibria…arrow_forward1. Consider the two-player game with the following matrix form representation a 3.2 y -1.0 b 1,3 1,-1 с -1.1 4.2 where player 1 is the "row player,” player 2 is the “column player,” and, for every cell, the left-most number is the utility that player 1 obtains from the corresponding (pure) strategy profile and the right-most number is the utility that player 2 obtains from the corresponding (pure) strategy profile. (a) Find the pure-strategy Nash equilibria of this game. (b) Find the other Nash equilibria of this game.arrow_forward
- Hans can do 4 loads of laundry and type 6 pages per hour. Heidi can do 12 loads of laundry and type 8 pages per hour. Hans and Heidi would both be better off if O Heidi did all of the typing and all of the laundry. O Hans specialized in typing and Heidi in doing laundry, trading with each other for the other service. O Hans specialized in doing laundry and Heidi in typing, trading with each other for the other service. O each did their own laundry and typing.arrow_forwardRajiv, Yakov, and Charles are loggers who live next to a forest that is open to logging; in other words, anyone is free to use the forest for logging. Assume that these men are the only three loggers who log in this forest and that the forest is large enough for all three loggers to log intensively at the same time. Each year, the loggers choose independently how many acres of trees to cut down; specifically, they choose whether to log intensively (that is, to clear-cut a section of the forest, which hurts the sustainability of the forest if enough people do it) or to log nonintensively (which does not hurt the sustainability of the forest). None of them has the ability to control how much the others log, and each logger cares only about his own profitability and not about the state of the forest. Assume that as long as no more than one logger logs intensively, there are enough trees to regrow the forest. However, if two or more log intensively, the forest will become useless in the…arrow_forwardConsider the following situation. Maipo and Pisco need to decide how to divide a cake between the two of them. Both like cake and want to get as much cake as they can. They decide to let Maipo cut the cake first and then Pisco gets to pick which piece he wants. For simplicity, assume that Maipo can only cut the cake in two ways: He can either divide it into two pieces that are equal size (i.e., both will get half the cake) or he can divide the cake into two pieces where one piece is twice the size of the other (i.e., one will get a piece that is two-thirds of the cake and the other will get a piece that is one-third of the cake). Set up this game as a sequential game and draw the game tree that represents it Note: You can either draw the game tree by hand and then photograph/scan the tree and paste it into the assignment or use the drawing tool in Word to draw the tree. Find the sub-game perfect Nash Equilibria to this game. Underline the strategies or highlight the…arrow_forward
arrow_back_ios
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
arrow_forward_ios
Recommended textbooks for you