Human Biology Custom Edition
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781337631532
Author: Cecie Starr, Beverly McMillan
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 8, Problem 2CT
Summary Introduction
To determine: The type of homeostatic control mechanism that controls the release of erythropoietin to make red blood cells.
Introduction: Hematologic system comprises blood, blood vessels, and blood-forming organs. Blood is a fluid connective tissue that carries oxygen, glucose, and nutrients throughout the body. It mainly consists of four types of components, namely red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), plasma, and platelets.
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The production of red blood cells is regulated by a feedback loop involving erythropoietin. In non-disease states, the production of red blood cells is equal to the destruction of red blood cells, thus maintaining sufficient red blood cells to deliver adequate oxygen to the body's tissues. However, when the number of red blood cells decrease and oxygen levels are low, erythropoietin is produced by the liver and kidneys to increase the production of red blood cells.
(i) Is this a positive or negative feedback loop and why?
(ii) For the above feedback loop, what would be the:
1. signal detected by the sensor: 2. effector: 3. response: 4. final result:
When human tissue, such as skin or a blood vessel, is torn or cut, the cells in the damaged
region secrete a signal that activates specialized blood cells called platelets in the vicinity.
As the platelets come in contact with one another, they begin to form a clot and release ad-
ditional chemical signals to attract more platelets as well as other clotting factors until the
bleeding is stopped.
Which of the following correctly describes the feedback mechanism illustrated by the acti-
vation of the platelets?
A
It is an example of positive feedback because the initial activation of the platelets causes
the activation of additional platelets.
B
с
D
It is an example of negative feedback because the initial activation of the platelets is
caused by a harmful stimulus.
It is an example of positive feedback because the ultimate result of initial platelet activa-
tion causes the bleeding to stop.
It is an example of negative feedback because the initial activation of the platelets
causes the…
Hyperthyroidism increases the amount of ATP formed in the individual and increases heart rate. What effect does it have on hemoglobin levels.
Choose from the following:
(A) hyperthyroidism would increase the number of erythrocytes and the amount of hemoglobin
(B) hyperthyroidism would decrease the amount of hemoglobin
Chapter 8 Solutions
Human Biology Custom Edition
Ch. 8 - Prob. 1RQCh. 8 - What are the cellular components of blood? Where...Ch. 8 - Prob. 3RQCh. 8 - What is an agglutination response? How can it be...Ch. 8 - Prob. 5RQCh. 8 - Prob. 1SQCh. 8 - Prob. 2SQCh. 8 - Prob. 3SQCh. 8 - In the lungs, the main factor in boosting the...Ch. 8 - Which of the following statements about red blood...
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- Endurance athletes sometimes try an illegal method of blood doping called autologous transfusion. Some blood from the athlete is removed well before competition, and then transfused back into the athlete just before competition. (a) Why might blood transfusion benefit the athlete? (b) With time, stored red blood cells become depleted in 2,3-BPG. What might be the consequences of using such blood for a blood transfusion?arrow_forwardIn what respect does blood clotting represent a negativefeedback loop? What part of it is a positive feedback loop?arrow_forwardWhich of the following sentences is NOT true? A. Decreased blood oxygen levels triggers erythropoietin release B. Leptin decreases sensation of hunger C. Angiotensin II can cause vasoconstriction D. Albumin is the most abundant plasma protein E. Glucose is transported in blood dissolved in plasma F. Norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine are secreted by islet of Langerhansarrow_forward
- How does the control of blood flow to the skin for the purpose ofregulating body temperature differ from the control of nutrient blood flow to skin cells?arrow_forwardIn the negative feedback loop of blood pressure regulation, which of the following would be the effector? A) baroreceptors b) heart muscle c) the Brainarrow_forwardFigure 33.21 State whether each of the following processes are regulated by a positive feedback loop or a negative feedback loop. A person feels satiated after eating a large meal. The blood has plenty of red blood cells. As a result, erythropoietin, a hormone that stimulates the production of new red blood cells, is no longer released from the kidney.arrow_forward
- Referring to the figure shown, the movement of glucose is from the lumen of the duodenum through an interstitial cell, out to the extracellular fluid, and into a capillary. What would happen if the action of the Na+–K+ pumps was reduced? A)The rate of flow of glucose into the interstitial cells would be increased. B)The direction of flow of glucose would be reversed. C)The rate of flow of glucose into the interstitial cells would be reduced. D)Nothing would differ: the movement of glucose would be the same as before the reversal.arrow_forwardA 29-year-old female develops sepsis and, as a consequence, she experiences profound vasodilation. a) What effect does vasodilation have on the afterload? Explain why. b) What effect does vasodilation have on blood pressure? Explain why. How will her body try to bring her blood pressure back to homeostasis Be detailed in your explanation and support your answer with facts from your textbook, research, and articles from scholarly journals. In addition, remember to add references in APA format to your posts to avoid plagiarism.arrow_forwardDefine death in physiological terms. We know that when the human heart stops beating, it can be started again artificially. And the subject lives. If the heart does not restart, the O2 supply is cut off, the brain cells die, but what does lack of O2 cause? Include mechanisms.arrow_forward
- Assume a person has been in a bad car accident and has severe bleeding from a partially severed arm. Describe the body’s response to this by answering the following What mechanisms will occur to reduce the blood loss l(hemorrhaging)? What events happen as part of the clotting process? How does the body slow down blood loss? What would happen if blood volume falls too low? What happens if homeostasis and blooarrow_forwardWhat happens in the tissues of this structure as a result of a lower than normal of plasma proteins in the concentration blood? Select one: a. Fluid is lost from the tissues due to a decrease in osmotic pressure. b. Fluid is lost from the tissues due to a decrease in blood pressure. c. Fluid accumulates in the tissues due to a decrease in blood pressure. d. Fluid accumulates in the tissues due to a decrease in osmotic pressure.arrow_forwardThe pressure in the aorta changes throughout the cardiac cycle. During systole, as the heart contracts, the outflux of blood into the aorta causes an increase in pressure, whereas during diastole the pressure decreases as the heart relaxes. A simple model for the aortic pressure waveform is given by the Windkessel effect described by the image below. In this model, the heart is considered a pressure generating pump which is directly connected to an elastic compartment (the aorta), which in turn is connected to a rigid set of peripheral vessels (the hose of the firefighter). 5 Pump Heart Air Windkessel Elastic arteries In order to find the aortic pressure waveform from the Windkessel model, a mass balance formulation around the aorta must be formulated. Coming into the aorta from the heart we have the flowrate Q(t). According to conservation of mass, this inflow rate Q(t) must be equal to the outflow rate into the peripheral vessels and the change in volume of the aorta. To find these…arrow_forward
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