The well-known sodium doublet is two yellow spectral lines of very close wavelength. 589.0 nm and 589.6 nm. It is caused by splitting of the 3p energy level, due to the spin-orbit interaction. In its ground state, sodium’s single valence electron is in the 3s level, it may be excited to the next higher level, the
3p, then emit a photon as it drops back to the 3s. However, the 3p is actually two levels, in which L and S are aligned and antialigned. (In the notation of Section 8.7 these are, respectively, the
(the 3s having no orbital
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