Chapter 8.8, Problem 8.30P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The change in the concentrations of ${\text{HCO}}_{\text{3}}{}^{\text{-}}$ and ${\text{CO}}_{\text{3}}{}^{\text{2-}}$ when a small amount of acid to added to the buffer has to be given.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The change in the concentrations of ${\text{HCO}}_{\text{3}}{}^{\text{-}}$ and ${\text{CO}}_{\text{3}}{}^{\text{2-}}$ when a small amount of base to added to the buffer has to be given.