Concept explainers
For each of the following molecules or ions that contain sulfur, write the Lewis structure(s), predict the molecular structure (including bond angles), and give the expected hybrid orbitals for sulfur.
a. SO2
b. SO3
c.
d.
e. SO32−
f. SO42−
g. SF2
h. SF4
i. SF6
j. F3S—SF
k. SF5+
(a)
Interpretation: The Lewis dot structure, molecular geometry, bond angles of the given molecules and expected hybrid orbitals for sulfur is to be stated.
Concept introduction: When the atomic orbitals overlap with each other in the region where density of electrons is high, then molecular orbitals are formed. Overlap of the atomic orbitals determines the efficiency of the interaction between the atomic orbitals.
Energy of bonding molecular orbitals is less than the nonbonding molecular orbitals.
To determine: The Lewis dot structure, molecular geometry, bond angles and expected hybrid orbitals for sulfur in
Explanation of Solution
Explanation
There are six valence electrons on each sulfur and oxygen atom. Two oxygen atoms are bonded to sulfur atom. Therefore, the total valence electrons are
Therefore the geometry is bent. The bond angle is less than
The Lewis structure of
Figure 1
(b)
Interpretation: The Lewis dot structure, molecular geometry, bond angles of the given molecules and expected hybrid orbitals for sulfur is to be stated.
Concept introduction: When the atomic orbitals overlap with each other in the region where density of electrons is high, then molecular orbitals are formed. Overlap of the atomic orbitals determines the efficiency of the interaction between the atomic orbitals.
Energy of bonding molecular orbitals is less than the nonbonding molecular orbitals.
To determine: The Lewis dot structure, molecular geometry, bond angles and expected hybrid orbitals for sulfur in
Explanation of Solution
Explanation
There are six valence electrons on sulfur and each oxygen atom. Two oxygen atoms are attached to sulfur, therefore, the total number of valence electrons is
The molecule has trigonal planar geometry with bond angle
Figure 2
(c)
Interpretation: The Lewis dot structure, molecular geometry, bond angles of the given molecules and expected hybrid orbitals for sulfur is to be stated.
Concept introduction: When the atomic orbitals overlap with each other in the region where density of electrons is high, then molecular orbitals are formed. Overlap of the atomic orbitals determines the efficiency of the interaction between the atomic orbitals.
Energy of bonding molecular orbitals is less than the nonbonding molecular orbitals.
To determine: The Lewis dot structure, molecular geometry, bond angles and expected hybrid orbitals for sulfur in
Explanation of Solution
Explanation
There are six valence electrons on sulfur and each oxygen atom. Three oxygen atoms and one sulfur atom is attached to central sulfur atom and charge on the molecule is
By bonding in this way, they complete their octet. The molecular structure is tetrahedral with bond angle approximately equal to
Figure 3
(d)
Interpretation: The Lewis dot structure, molecular geometry, bond angles of the given molecules and expected hybrid orbitals for sulfur is to be stated.
Concept introduction: When the atomic orbitals overlap with each other in the region where density of electrons is high, then molecular orbitals are formed. Overlap of the atomic orbitals determines the efficiency of the interaction between the atomic orbitals.
Energy of bonding molecular orbitals is less than the nonbonding molecular orbitals.
To determine: The Lewis dot structure, molecular geometry, bond angles and expected hybrid orbitals for sulfur in
Explanation of Solution
Explanation
There are six valence electrons on sulfur and each oxygen atom. There are eight oxygen atoms and two sulfur atoms are present in the molecule and charge on the molecule is
The two oxygen atoms in the centre are bonded by single bond. By bonding in this way, they complete their octet. The molecular structure is tetrahedral with bond angle approximately equal to
Figure 4
(e)
Interpretation: The Lewis dot structure, molecular geometry, bond angles of the given molecules and expected hybrid orbitals for sulfur is to be stated.
Concept introduction: When the atomic orbitals overlap with each other in the region where density of electrons is high, then molecular orbitals are formed. Overlap of the atomic orbitals determines the efficiency of the interaction between the atomic orbitals.
Energy of bonding molecular orbitals is less than the nonbonding molecular orbitals.
To determine: The Lewis dot structure, molecular geometry, bond angles and expected hybrid orbitals for sulfur in
Explanation of Solution
Explanation
There are six valence electrons on sulfur and each oxygen atom. Three oxygen atoms and one sulfur atom present in the molecule and charge on the molecule is
One oxygen atom is single bonded with sulfur and one is joined by pi bond. By bonding in this way, they complete their octet. The molecular structure is trigonal pyramidal with bond angle approximately equal to
Figure 5
(f)
Interpretation: The Lewis dot structure, molecular geometry, bond angles of the given molecules and expected hybrid orbitals for sulfur is to be stated.
Concept introduction: When the atomic orbitals overlap with each other in the region where density of electrons is high, then molecular orbitals are formed. Overlap of the atomic orbitals determines the efficiency of the interaction between the atomic orbitals.
Energy of bonding molecular orbitals is less than the nonbonding molecular orbitals.
To determine: The Lewis dot structure, molecular geometry, bond angles and expected hybrid orbitals for sulfur in
Explanation of Solution
Explanation
There are six valence electrons on sulfur and each oxygen atom. Four oxygen atoms and one sulfur atom is present in the molecule and charge on the molecule is
Two oxygen atoms are single bonded with sulfur and two joined by pi bond. By bonding in this way, they complete their octet. The molecular structure is tetrahedral with bond angle approximately equal to
Figure 6
(g)
Interpretation: The Lewis dot structure, molecular geometry, bond angles of the given molecules and expected hybrid orbitals for sulfur is to be stated.
Concept introduction: When the atomic orbitals overlap with each other in the region where density of electrons is high, then molecular orbitals are formed. Overlap of the atomic orbitals determines the efficiency of the interaction between the atomic orbitals.
Energy of bonding molecular orbitals is less than the nonbonding molecular orbitals.
To determine: The Lewis dot structure, molecular geometry, bond angles and expected hybrid orbitals for sulfur in
Explanation of Solution
Explanation
There are six valence electrons on sulfur and seven valence electrons on each fluorine atom. Two fluorine atoms and one sulfur atom is present in the molecule, therefore, the total number of valence electrons is
The sulfur is bonded to two fluorine atoms by sigma bond. By bonding in this way, they complete their octet. The molecular structure is bent due to presence of lone pairs of electrons on sulfur. The bond angle is less than
Figure 7
(h)
Interpretation: The Lewis dot structure, molecular geometry, bond angles of the given molecules and expected hybrid orbitals for sulfur is to be stated.
Concept introduction: When the atomic orbitals overlap with each other in the region where density of electrons is high, then molecular orbitals are formed. Overlap of the atomic orbitals determines the efficiency of the interaction between the atomic orbitals.
Energy of bonding molecular orbitals is less than the nonbonding molecular orbitals.
To determine: The Lewis dot structure, molecular geometry, bond angles and expected hybrid orbitals for sulfur in
Explanation of Solution
Explanation
There are six valence electrons on sulfur and seven valence electrons on each fluorine atom. Four fluorine atoms and one sulfur atom is present in the molecule, therefore, the total number of valence electrons is
The molecular structure is see-saw due to presence of lone pair of electrons on sulfur. The equatorial bond angles are
Figure 8
(i)
Interpretation: The Lewis dot structure, molecular geometry, bond angles of the given molecules and expected hybrid orbitals for sulfur is to be stated.
Concept introduction: When the atomic orbitals overlap with each other in the region where density of electrons is high, then molecular orbitals are formed. Overlap of the atomic orbitals determines the efficiency of the interaction between the atomic orbitals.
Energy of bonding molecular orbitals is less than the nonbonding molecular orbitals.
To determine: The Lewis dot structure, molecular geometry, bond angles and expected hybrid orbitals for sulfur in
Explanation of Solution
Explanation
There are six valence electrons on sulfur and seven valence electrons on each fluorine atom. Six fluorine atoms and one sulfur atom is present in the molecule, therefore, the total number of valence electrons is
The molecular structure is octahedral with bond angle
Figure 9
(j)
Interpretation: The Lewis dot structure, molecular geometry, bond angles of the given molecules and expected hybrid orbitals for sulfur is to be stated.
Concept introduction: When the atomic orbitals overlap with each other in the region where density of electrons is high, then molecular orbitals are formed. Overlap of the atomic orbitals determines the efficiency of the interaction between the atomic orbitals.
Energy of bonding molecular orbitals is less than the nonbonding molecular orbitals.
To determine: The Lewis dot structure, molecular geometry, bond angles and expected hybrid orbitals for sulfur in
Explanation of Solution
Explanation
There are six valence electrons on sulfur and seven valence electrons on each fluorine atom. Four fluorine atoms and two sulfur atoms are present in the molecule, therefore, the total number of valence electrons is
The molecular structure is see-saw due to presence of lone pair of electrons on sulfur. The equatorial bond angles are
The Lewis structure of
Figure 10
(k)
Interpretation: The Lewis dot structure, molecular geometry, bond angles of the given molecules and expected hybrid orbitals for sulfur is to be stated.
Concept introduction: When the atomic orbitals overlap with each other in the region where density of electrons is high, then molecular orbitals are formed. Overlap of the atomic orbitals determines the efficiency of the interaction between the atomic orbitals.
Energy of bonding molecular orbitals is less than the nonbonding molecular orbitals.
To determine: The Lewis dot structure, molecular geometry, bond angles and expected hybrid orbitals for sulfur in
Explanation of Solution
Explanation
There are six valence electrons on sulfur and seven valence electrons on each fluorine atom. Five fluorine atoms and one sulfur atom is present in the molecule and charge on the molecule is
The molecular structure is trigonal bipyramidal with equatorial bond angles
The Lewis structure of
Figure 11
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