(a)
Interpretation:
The free energy change for the conversion of liquid water to water vapor at 100°C needs to be determined.
Concept introduction:
The Gibb’s equation of
With the help of this equation one can predict the change in
(b)
Interpretation:
The free energy change for the freezing of liquid water to the ice at 0°C needs to be determined.
Concept introduction:
The Gibb’s equation of thermodynamic purposed a relation between
With the help of this equation one can predict the change in
(c)
Interpretation:
The free energy change for the erosion of a mountain from the glacier needs to be determined.
Concept introduction:
The Gibb’s equation of thermodynamic purposed a relation between
With the help of this equation one can predict the change in
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CHEMISTRY-TEXT
- What is meant by the standard free-energy change G for a reaction? What is meant by the standard free energy of formation Gf of a substance?arrow_forwardThe formation of aluminum oxide from its elements is highly exothermic. If 2.70 g Al metal is burned in pure O2 to give A12O3, calculate how much thermal energy is evolved in the process (at constant pressure).arrow_forwardWrite the balanced chemical equation for the combustion of methane, CH4(g), to give carbon dioxide and water vapor. Explain why it is difficult to predict whether S is positive or negative for this chemical reaction.arrow_forward
- At 298 K, the standard enthalpies of formation for C2H2(g) and C6H6(l) are 227 kJ/mol and 49 kJ/mol, respectively. a. Calculate H for C6H6(l)3C2H2(g) b. Both acetylene (C2H2) and benzene (C6H6) can be used as fuels. Which compound would liberate more energy per gram when combusted in air?arrow_forwardCoal is used as a fuel in some electric-generating plants. Coal is a complex material, but for simplicity we may consider it to be a form of carbon. The energy that can be derived from a fuel is sometimes compared with the enthalpy of the combustion reaction: C(s)+O2(g)CO2(g) Calculate the standard enthalpy change for this reaction at 25C. Actually, only a fraction of the heat from this reaction is available to produce electric energy. In electric generating plants, this reaction is used to generate heat for a steam engine, which turns the generator. Basically the steam engine is a type of heat engine in which steam enters the engine at high temperature (Th), work is done, and the steam then exits at a lower temperature (Tl). The maximum fraction, f, of heat available to produce useful energy depends on the difference between these temperatures (expressed in kelvins), f = (Th Tl)/Th. What is the maximum heat energy available for useful work from the combustion of 1.00 mol of C(s) to CO2(g)? (Assume the value of H calculated at 25C for the heat obtained in the generator.) It is possible to consider more efficient ways to obtain useful energy from a fuel. For example, methane can be burned in a fuel cell to generate electricity directly. The maximum useful energy obtained in these cases is the maximum work, which equals the free-energy change. Calculate the standard free-energy change for the combustion of 1.00 mol of C(s) to CO2(g). Compare this value with the maximum obtained with the heat engine described here.arrow_forward9.68 What are some features of petroleum that make it such an attractive fuel?arrow_forward
- A green plant synthesizes glucose by photosynthesis, as shown in the reaction: 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l) C6H12O6(s) + 6O2(g) Animals use glucose as a source of energy: C6H12O6(s) + 6O2(g) 6CO2(g) + 6HO2(l) If we were to assume that both of these processes occur to the same extent in a cyclic process, what thermodynamic property must have a nonzero value?arrow_forwardA pot of cold water is heated on a stove, and when the water boils, a fresh egg is placed in the water to cook. Describe the events that are occurring in terms of the zeroth law of thermodynamics.arrow_forwardFrom the data given in Appendix I, determine the standard enthalpy change and the standard free energy change for each of the following reactions: (a) BF3(g)+3H2O(l)B(OH)3(s)+3HF(g) (b) BCl3(g)+3H2O(l)B(OH)3+3HCl(g) (c) B2H6(g)+6H2O(l)2B(OH)3(s)+6H2(g)arrow_forward
- Write the balanced chemical equation for the combustion of benzene, C6H6(l), to give carbon dioxide and water vapor. Would you expect S to be positive or negative in this process?arrow_forwardIn muscle cells under the condition of vigorous exercise, glucose is converted to lactic acid (lactate),CH3CHOHCOOH, by the chemical reaction C6H12O6 2 CH3CHOHCOOHrG = 197 kJ/mol (a) If all of the Gibbs free energy from this reaction wereused to convert ADP to ATP, calculate how many molesof ATP could be produced per mole of glucose. (b) The actual reaction involves the production of 3 molATP per mole of glucose. Calculate the rG for thisoverall reaction. (c) Is the overall reaction in part (b) reactant-favored orproduct-favored?arrow_forward10.102 Ammonia can react with oxygen gas to form nitrogen dioxide and water. (a) Write a balanced chemical equation for this reaction. (b) Use tabulated data to determine the free energy change for the reaction and comment on its spontaneity. (c) Use tabulated data to calculate the enthalpy change of the reaction, (d) Determine how much heat flows and in what direction when 11.4 g of ammonia gas is burned in excess oxygen.arrow_forward
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