(a)
Interpretation:
At higher temperature rate, transition of atoms of sodium occurs from 4s to 3p state and the average wavelength of sodium due to the emission is 1139 nm. Ratio of excited state 4 seconds to ground state 3seconds needs to be calculated for acetylene- oxygen flame of 3000oC.
Concept introduction:
Calculation of ratio is done by using the Boltzmann equation, given as-
Where,
Nj = no. of ions in excited state
No = no. of ions in ground state
Ej = energy difference of excited state and ground state
gj = statistical weight for excited state
go = statistical weight for ground state
k= Boltzmann constant
T = absolute temperature
Energy of atom is calculated by the following formula-
Where,
h= Planck’s constant
c = light velocity
λ= wavelength
Ej= energy difference
(b)
Interpretation:
Ratio of excited state 4s to ground state 3s needs to be calculated for an inductively coupled plasma source of 9000oC.
Concept introduction:
Calculation will be done using the following formulas-
And
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionChapter 9 Solutions
PRINCIPLES OF INSTRUMENTAL ANALYSIS
- In high-temperature sources, sodium atoms emit a doublet with an average wavelength of 1139 nm. The transition responsible is from the 4s to 3p state. Set up a spreadsheet to calculate the ratio of the numberof excited atoms in the 4s state to the number in the ground 3s state over the temperature range from anacetylene-oxygen flame (3000°C) to the hottest part of an inductively coupled plasma source (8750°C).arrow_forwardA 50.0 mg sample was dissolved in acid and then diluted to a total volume of 50.00 mL. If 1.000 mL ofthis solution was then diluted to 50.00 mL with water. If this diluted solution had a transmittance of 0.275 at520 nm, what is the concentration of KMnO4 in ppm in this diluted solution, assuming no interference fromother species at this wavelength?arrow_forwardThe first excited state of Ca is reached by absorption of 422.7-nm light. (a) What is the energy difference (J) between the ground and excited states? (b) The degeneracies are g*/g0 3 for Ca. Find N*/N0 at 2 500 K. (c) By what percentage will the fraction in (b) be changed by a 15-K rise in temperature? (d) Find N*/N0 at 6 000 K.arrow_forward
- One type of sunburn occurs on exposure to UV light ofwavelength in the vicinity of 325 nm. (a) What is theenergy of a photon of this wavelength? (b) What is theenergy of a mole of these photons? (c) How many photonsare in a 1.00 mJ burst of this radiation? (d) These UVphotons can break chemical bonds in your skin to causesunburn—a form of radiation damage. If the 325-nm radiationprovides exactly the energy to break an average chemicalbond in the skin, estimate the average energy of thesebonds in kJ/mol.arrow_forward(c) The kinetic energy, K₁, of electrons emitted from a metal surface after irradiation with UV light of wavelength λ is given by: hc Kg = -4 where his Planck's constant (6.626 x 10-4 Js), c is the speed of light in a vacuum (2.99 x 108 m s¹), and is the work function of the metal surface. In a specific experiment, light with a wavelength of 266 nm was used to irradiate a cadmium (Cd) metal surface.arrow_forward(V) Consider solid and liquid samples of equal mass and heat capacity. If microwaves are fired at both samples, which one will increase in temperature faster? (VI) Using the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, calculate the frequency spread Av for a nanosec- ond (10-9 s) pulse from a CO2 laser, in which the nominal photon energy is hv = 0.112 eV.arrow_forward
- Plasma emission spectroscopy can be used to determine the concentration of elements such as iron or zinc in pharmaceutical preparations. with the aid of suitable diagrams, outline the principles behind this technique and explain how it can be used to provide qualitative and quantitative information about these elements.arrow_forwardFish-liver oil is a good source of vitamin A, which is mea-sured spectrophotometrically, after correcting for background, ata wavelength of 329 nm.(a) Suggest a reason for using this wavelength.(b) In what region of the spectrum does this wavelength lie?(c) When 0.1232 g of fish-liver oil is dissolved in 500. mL of sol-vent, the absorbance is 0.724 units. When 1.67X10⁻³g of vita-min A is dissolved in 250. mL of solvent, the absorbance is 1.018 units. Calculate the vitamin A concentration in the fish-liver oilarrow_forwardThe quantum yield of light-induced chemical reactions(called photochemical reactions) measures the efficiencyof the process. The quantum yield, Φ, is defined as:Φ = number of reaction eventsnumber of photons absorbed. Suppose the quantumyield for the reaction CH3X S CH3 + X is Φ = 0.24.A cuvette containing a solution of CH3X is irradiated with280-nm light with a power of 885 mW for 10 minutes.Assuming total absorption of the light by the sample, what isthe maximum amount (in moles) of CH3X that breaks apart?arrow_forward
- 3. Regions of the electromagnetic (e/m) spectrum and corresponding molecular processes. (a) Sketch the e/m spectrum like depicted in figure below. For your sketch, use the following units (all together in one plot): wavelength, frequency, wavenumbers, and energy. (b) What are the molecular processes that can be studied by the different types of e/m radiation? Name three (3) processes. (A) Radio waves (B) Micro- waves (C) (D) Infrared Visible radiation light Ultraviolet m X-rays (F) Gamma-raysarrow_forwardAnalytical Chemistry II Compare between the advantages and disadvantages of atomic emission spectroscopy based on arcs and plasma.arrow_forward9. The structure of hippuric acid is shown below. Draw the expected parent ion if ESI was used in (a) positive ion mode and (b) negative ion mode. Hence indicate the m/z value of each of the molecular ion that you have drawn. HN O Structure of hippuric acid. OHarrow_forward
- Principles of Instrumental AnalysisChemistryISBN:9781305577213Author:Douglas A. Skoog, F. James Holler, Stanley R. CrouchPublisher:Cengage Learning