Describe the difference between the two processes in
To review: The two processes of cellular respiration (oxidative phosphorylation and substrate- level phosphorylation) that produce ATP and differentiate between them.
Concept introduction: Generally, in cellular respiration, “phosphorylation” refers to the phosphate group shift from a compound for ATP synthesis. Oxidative phosphorylation and substrate-level phosphorylation are two types of phosphorylation processes that occur inside the living organisms for the production of energy.
Explanation of Solution
Differences between oxidative phosphorylation and substrate-level phosphorylation:
S. No. | Oxidative phosphorylation | Substrate-level phosphorylation |
1. | It occurs in the electron transport chain and accounts for the 90% synthesis of ATP. | Substrate-level phosphorylation takes place in glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and accounts for the production of smaller amount of ATP. |
2. | Chemiosmosis is a process in which chemical energy is transformed by electron transport chain to a form that can be used for ATP synthesis. | Used in fermentation along with catabolizing an organic compound to produce ATP. |
3. | ATP is generated from the oxidation of NADH and FADH2 and the subsequent transfer of electrons and pumping of protons. | It occurs if there is a reaction that releases sufficient energy to allow the direct phosphorylation of ADP. |
Refer to Fig 9.6, “An overview of cellular respiration” in the textbook, which shows that NADH and FADH2 are generated during the first two stages of the redox reactions of the glycolysis and citric acid cycle.
The electrons from NADH and FADH2 are accepted from the electron transport chain in the third stage of respiration.
At the final stage of electron transport chain, oxygen and hydrogen ions bind with electrons to form water. The mitochondria store the released energy at each of the step of electron transport chain and an inorganic phosphate is added to ADP to form ATP.
Refer to Fig.9.7, “Substrate-level phosphorylation” in the textbook. In the substrate-level phosphorylation, an enzyme catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from an organic substance to ADP to form an ATP. The ATP production in the glycolysis takes place due to substrate-level phosphorylation and also during one of the steps in the citric acid cycle.
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 9 Solutions
PEARSON ETEXT FOR CAMPBELL BIOLOGY
Additional Science Textbook Solutions
Becker's World of the Cell (9th Edition)
Microbiology Fundamentals: A Clinical Approach - Standalone book
Campbell Essential Biology with Physiology (5th Edition)
Human Anatomy
Brock Biology of Microorganisms (14th Edition)
Evolutionary Analysis (5th Edition)
- For Krebs Cycle(Citric Acid Cycle) what are steps of cellular respiration for both aerobic (oxygen present) and anaerobic (without oxygen) respiration. what are the Inputs and Outputs: Clearly indicate the key substrates, intermediates, and products at each stage. Location: Show where this stage of cellular respiration occurs within the cell (e.g., cytoplasm, mitochondria). Energy Production: Highlight the ATP and NADH production at this stage. Oxygen: Show where oxygen is used in the process (e.g., ETC) and where carbon dioxide is produced. Electron Carriers: Indicate the role of electron carriers such as NAD+ and FAD in transferring eleDiagrams: Use diagrams or icons to represent the structures and molecules involved, such as the mitochondria, glucose, ATP, and oxygen. Key Information like important facts or formulas relevant to cellular respiration, like the chemical equations for each stage.arrow_forwardExplain how cytosolic pyruvate from glycolysis results in formation of ATP in mitochondria. Please highlight stages where substrate-level Phosphorylation and Oxidative Phosphorylation occur.arrow_forwardIn the presence of excess oxygen, a complete oxidation of seven molecules of glucose into carbon dioxide and water, by a yeast cell, would produce approximately ATP molecules via oxidative phosphorylation only. (Consider NADH = 3 ATP and FADH2 = 2 ATP)arrow_forward
- Describe with a summary picture the aerobic respiration from glucose (CHO) all the way to Co2 and water. Highlight, with yellow the flow of H (and then electrons and protons) and in red the ATP Include: inner membrane, outer membrane, matrix, intermembrane space glycolisis, Krebs cycle (citirc acid), e.t.c. (oxidative phosphorilation) ATP synthase, NADH dehydrogenase complex, cyt b-c1complex, cyt oxidase complex, ubiquinone, cytochrome-c glucose, pyruvate, acetyl-Co-A, H2O, O2, CO2, NADH, NAD+, FADH2, e-, H+, ATP, ADP +Pi direction of the arrows, inner membrane potential, gradient of protons, inner membrane transporters, outer membrane porinsarrow_forwardAssuming all the NADH+H+ and FADH2 are used for oxidative phosphorylation, how many net ATP are made from 1 molecule of glucose? (hint: don’t forget to also include substrate level phosphorylation)arrow_forwardThe majority of ATP production in aerobic cellular respiration occurs within the mitochondria during electron transport. In this phase of cellular respiration, NADH and FADH, are oxidized to become NAD+ and FAD+. The protons and electrons released during this axidation are used to establisha chemiosmotic gradient in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. The potential established by this gradient is used to convert mechanical energy into the chemical energy needed to join an inorganic phosphate on to ADP, thus creating ATP. Mitochondrial DNA Lamela er membrane Inner boundary membrane - Cristal membrane Matrin- Cristae Matrix granule Ribosome ATP synthase Intermembrane space Intracristal space Peripheral space Outer membrane Parins Mitochondrion structure by Kelvin13 (CC BY-SA 3.0) Outer membrane Cyt e ATP Synthase NADH NAD+H ATP Citric ADP acid cycle Matrix Suecinate Fumee Inner membrane Intermembrane space Mitochondrial electron transport chain by Fvasconcello (CCO) a. Analyze why…arrow_forward
- Describe the role of NAD+, FAD, NADH and FADH2 in cellular respiration.arrow_forwardAt which site in the mitochondrion and chloroplast do the ATPmolecules collect after being made by ATP synthases, and what is theadvantage of this?arrow_forwardA poison that prevents the transfer of electrons from the last [Fe-S] cluster of Complex I to coenzyme Q is added to a suspension of actively respiring mitochondria. Which of the following will be observed? ATP production would be impaired due to the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation from electron transport. ATP production would be reduced due to inhibition of the CoQ subunit of ATP synthase. ATP production would be reduced due to a decrease in the number of protons pumped out of the mitochondrial matrix. ATP production would be halted completely due to the block in electron transport through the electron transport chain.arrow_forward
- What is the direct mechanism of ATP synthesis during the electron transport phase of cellular respiration? (what is the potential energy source that drives ATP production?) b) Why is oxygen needed for this phase? c) What is the role of ATP synthasearrow_forwardDefine substrate-level phosphorylation. Which two reactionsin glycolysis are in this category?arrow_forwardWhere in cellular respiration does feedback inhibition occur? Describe all. (Hint:think about glycolysis, pyruvate processing, and electron transport chain and what's being inhibited in each) What would happen if this feedback inhibition were removed?arrow_forward
- Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)BiologyISBN:9780134580999Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. HoehnPublisher:PEARSONBiology 2eBiologyISBN:9781947172517Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann ClarkPublisher:OpenStaxAnatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781259398629Author:McKinley, Michael P., O'loughlin, Valerie Dean, Bidle, Theresa StouterPublisher:Mcgraw Hill Education,
- Molecular Biology of the Cell (Sixth Edition)BiologyISBN:9780815344322Author:Bruce Alberts, Alexander D. Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter WalterPublisher:W. W. Norton & CompanyLaboratory Manual For Human Anatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781260159363Author:Martin, Terry R., Prentice-craver, CynthiaPublisher:McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.Inquiry Into Life (16th Edition)BiologyISBN:9781260231700Author:Sylvia S. Mader, Michael WindelspechtPublisher:McGraw Hill Education