Concept explainers
Effects of differing production levels on absorption costing income: Metrics to minimize inventory buildups. Mountain Press produces textbooks for high school accounting courses. The company recently hired a new editor, Jan Green, to handle production and sales of books for an introductory accounting course. Jan’s compensation depends on the gross margin associated with sales of this book. Jan needs to decide how many copies of the books to produce. The following information is available for the fall semester of 2017:
Estimated sales | 50,000 books |
Beginning inventory | 0 books |
Average selling price | $ 160 per book |
Variable production costs | $ 100 per book |
Fixed production costs | $750,000 per semester |
The fixed-cost allocation rate is based on expected sales and is therefore equal to $750,000/50,000 books = $15 per book. |
Jan has decided to produce either 50,000, 65,000, or 70,000 books.
- 1. Calculate expected gross margin if Jan produces 50,000, 65,000, or 70,000 books. (Make sure you include the production-volume variance as part of cost of goods sold.)
Required
- 2. Calculate ending inventory in units and in dollars for each production level.
- 3. Managers who are paid a bonus that is a function of gross margin may be inspired to produce a product in excess of demand to maximize their own bonus. The chapter suggested metrics to discourage managers from producing products in excess of demand. Do you think the following metrics will accomplish this objective? Show your work.
- a. Incorporate a charge of 10% of the cost of the ending inventory as an expense for evaluating the manager.
- b. Include nonfinancial measures (such as the ones recommended on page 341) when evaluating management and rewarding performance.
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Chapter 9 Solutions
REVEL for Horngren's Cost Accounting: A Managerial Emphasis -- Access Card (16th Edition) (What's New in Accounting)
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- Inventory Valuation under Variable Costing Refer to the data for Judson Company above. Required: 1. How many units are in ending inventory? 2. Using variable costing, calculate the per-unit product cost. 3. What is the value of ending inventory under variable costing? Use the following information for Brief Exercises 3-21 and 3-22: During the most recent year, Judson Company had the following data associated with the product it makes:arrow_forwardInventory Valuation under Absorption Costing Refer to the data for Judson Company above. Required: 1. How many units are in ending inventory? 2. Using absorption costing, calculate the per-unit product cost. 3. What is the value of ending inventory under absorption costing? Use the following information for Brief Exercises 3-21 and 3-22: During the most recent year, Judson Company had the following data associated with the product it makes:arrow_forwardKimball Company has developed the following cost formulas: Materialusage:Ym=80X;r=0.95Laborusage(direct):Yl=20X;r=0.96Overheadactivity:Yo=350,000+100X;r=0.75Sellingactivity:Ys=50,000+10X;r=0.93 where X=Directlaborhours The company has a policy of producing on demand and keeps very little, if any, finished goods inventory (thus, units produced equals units sold). Each unit uses one direct labor hour for production. The president of Kimball Company has recently implemented a policy that any special orders will be accepted if they cover the costs that the orders cause. This policy was implemented because Kimballs industry is in a recession and the company is producing well below capacity (and expects to continue doing so for the coming year). The president is willing to accept orders that minimally cover their variable costs so that the company can keep its employees and avoid layoffs. Also, any orders above variable costs will increase overall profitability of the company. Required: 1. Compute the total unit variable cost. Suppose that Kimball has an opportunity to accept an order for 20,000 units at 220 per unit. Should Kimball accept the order? (The order would not displace any of Kimballs regular orders.) 2. Explain the significance of the coefficient of correlation measures for the cost formulas. Did these measures have a bearing on your answer in Requirement 1? Should they have a bearing? Why or why not? 3. Suppose that a multiple regression equation is developed for overhead costs: Y = 100,000 + 100X1 + 5,000X2 + 300X3, where X1 = direct labor hours, X2 = number of setups, and X3 = engineering hours. The coefficient of determination for the equation is 0.94. Assume that the order of 20,000 units requires 12 setups and 600 engineering hours. Given this new information, should the company accept the special order referred to in Requirement 1? Is there any other information about cost behavior that you would like to have? Explain.arrow_forward
- Inventory effects under absorption costing BendOR, Inc., manufactures control panels for the electronics industry and has just completed its first year of operations. The following discussion took place between the controller, Gordon Merrick, and the company president, Matt McCray: Matt: Ive been looking over our first years performance by quarters. Our earnings have been increasing each quarter, even though our sales have been flat and our prices and costs have not changed. Why is this? Gordon: Our actual sales have stayed even throughout the year, but weve been increasing the utilization of our factory every quarter. By keeping our factory utilization high, we will keep our costs down by allocating the fixed plant costs over a greater number of units. Naturally, this causes our cost per unit to be lower than it would be otherwise. Matt: Yes, but what good is this if we are unable to sell everything that we make? Our inventory is also increasing. Gordon: This is true. However, our unit costs are lower because of the additional production. When these lower costs are matched against sales, it has a positive impact on our earnings. Matt: Are you saying that we are able to create additional earnings merely by building inventory? Can this be true? Gordon: Well, Ive never thought about it quite that way. . . but I guess so. Matt: And another thing. What will happen if we begin to reduce our production in order to liquidate the inventory? Dont tell me our earnings will go down even though our production effort drops! Gordon: Well. . . Matt: There must be a better way. Id like our quarterly income statements to reflect whats really going on. I dont want our income reports to reward building inventory and penalize reducing inventory. Gordon: Im not sure what I can dowe have to follow generally accepted accounting principles. In teams: a. Discuss why reporting income under generally accepted accounting principles rewards building inventory and penalizes reducing inventory. b. Discuss what advice you would give to Gordon in responding to Matts concern about the present method of accounting. Be prepared to discuss your answers in class.arrow_forwardNote that Barbaras Bistro in Figure 1-2 prepares monthly performance reports. Do you think that it would be a good idea for Barbara to switch to just an annual performance report in an effort to reduce its accounting costs?arrow_forwardClick the Chart sheet tab. On the screen is a column chart showing ending inventory costs. During a deflationary period, which bar (A, B, or C) represents FIFO costing, which represents LIFO costing, and which represents weighted average? Explain your reasoning. On January 4 following year-end, Rio Enterprises received a shipment of 60 units of product costing 580 each. These units had been ordered by Del in December and had been shipped to him on December 27. They were shipped FOB shipping point. Revise the FIFOLIFO3 worksheet to include this shipment. Preview the printout to make sure that the worksheet will print neatly on one page, and then print the worksheet. Save the completed file as FIFOLIFOT. Using the FIFOLIFO3 file, prepare a 3-D bar (stacked) chart showing the cost of goods sold and ending inventory under each of the four inventory cost flow assumptions. No Chart Data Table is needed. Use the values in the Calculations Section of the worksheet for your chart. Enter your name somewhere on the chart. Save the file again as FIFOLIFO3. Print the chart.arrow_forward
- Variable-Costing and Absorption-Costing Income Borques Company produces and sells wooden pallets that are used for moving and stacking materials. The operating costs for the past year were as follows: During the year, Borques produced 200,000 wooden pallets and sold 204,300 at 9 each. Borques had 8,200 pallets in beginning finished goods inventory; costs have not changed from last year to this year. An actual costing system is used for product costing. Required: 1. What is the per-unit inventory cost that is acceptable for reporting on Borquess balance sheet at the end of the year ? How many units are in ending inventory? What is the total cost of ending inventory? 2. Calculate absorption-costing operating income. 3. CONCEPTUAL CONNECTION What would the per-unit inventory cost be under variable costing? Does this differ from the unit cost computed in Requirement 1? Why? 4. Calculate variable-costing operating income. 5. Suppose that Borques Company had sold 196,700 pallets during the year. What would absorption-costing operating income have been? Variable-costing operating income?arrow_forwardDetermine the operating income for Vinnies Vinyls West score, assuming the warehouse allocation is reduced to 10% of sales for the warehouse and the difference will be charged to the West store. Management has determined that the warehouse takes fewer corporate resources and the allocation to the West store was lower than it should have been.arrow_forwardEvaluating selling and administrative cost allocations Gordon Gecco Furniture Company has two major product lines with the following characteristics: Commercial office furniture: Few large orders, little advertising support, shipments in full truckloads, and low handling complexity Home office furniture: Many small orders, large advertising support, shipments in partial truckloads, and high handling complexity The company produced the following profitability report for management: The selling and administrative expenses are allocated to the products on the basis of relative sales dollars. Evaluate the accuracy of this report and recommend an alternative approach.arrow_forward
- The following information pertains to Vladamir, Inc., for last year: There are no work-in-process inventories. Normal activity is 100,000 units. Expected and actual overhead costs are the same. Costs have not changed from one year to the next. Required: 1. How many units are in ending inventory? 2. Without preparing an income statement, indicate what the difference will be between variable-costing income and absorption-costing income. 3. Assume the selling price per unit is 29. Prepare an income statement using (a) variable costing and (b) absorption costing.arrow_forwardEstimated income statements, using absorption and variable costing Prior to the first month of operations ending October 31, Marshall Inc. estimated the following operating results: The company is evaluating a proposal to manufacture 50,000 units instead of 40,000 units, thus creating an ending inventory of 10,000 units. Manufacturing the additional units will not change sales, unit variable factory overhead costs, total fixed factory overhead cost, or total selling and administrative expenses. a. Prepare an estimated income statement, comparing operating results if 40,000 and 50,000 units are manufactured in (1) the absorption costing format and (2) the variable costing format. b. What is the reason for the difference in operating income reported for the two levels of production by the absorption costing income statement?arrow_forwardChassen Company, a cracker and cookie manufacturer, has the following unit costs for the month of June: A total of 100,000 units were manufactured during June, of which 10,000 remain in ending inventory. Chassen uses the first-in, first-out (FIFO) inventory method, and the 10,000 units are the only finished goods inventory at June 30. Under the absorption costing concept, the value of Chassens June 30 finished goods inventory would be: a. 50,000. b. 70,000. c. 85,000. d. 145,000.arrow_forward
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