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Concept explainers
Interpretation:
From the given options, one which describes the three core concepts of collision theory has to be identified.
Concept Introduction:
Collision theory:
Collision theory explains why different reactions occurs at different rates. It is used to explain or predict the rate of a reaction. For a
Molecular Collisions:
For a chemical reaction to happen, the molecule must collide with each other. Most of the reactions are carried out in liquid or gaseous state. In liquid and gaseous state, molecules are free to move which makes the collision easier. Solid reactant can also undergo collisions but the problem is only molecules present on the surface can participate in collision. More they collide, more will be the
Activation Energy:
For a reaction to occur, the reactant molecules must collide with some minimum amount of energy. This minimum amount of energy for a reaction to occur is known as activation energy. Every reaction will have different activation energy. Activation energy is dependent on temperature. As the temperature increases, molecules will move faster and the activation energy decreases.
Collision Orientation:
Reactants must be oriented in a way such that the collisions become effective and leads to product formation. Collision orientation is a factor which determines the reaction for non-spherical molecules or atoms.
Example:
In this reaction, the double bond is converted to single bond. Hydrogen atom is attached to one of the carbon and chlorine to the other carbon. The reaction will happen only if hydrogen approaches the carbon-carbon double bond. High concentration of negative charge will be there on the double bond. Chlorine atom is also partially negative, so here the way they hit each other ie, the orientation will determine the reaction.
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Chapter 9 Solutions
EBK GENERAL, ORGANIC, AND BIOLOGICAL CH
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- Pauling's model couldn't be right because: A. the negative oxygen atoms of the phosphate groups would repel in the middle of the molecule B. the bases on the outside would be attracted to each other and crush the molecule C. he forgot about the sugars D. the positive phosphate groups would repel each other in the middle of the moleculearrow_forwardYour brother confidently says that the MOLECULES (not the atoms) in your grandfather's body are older than the MOLECULES in your brother's newborn baby. Do you agree? Explain YOUR CHOICE in Rationale section of this question! O A. Answer is not provided as an option! O B. No, I disagree. OC. Not enough information is given to make a logical conclusion! O D. Yes, I agree.arrow_forwardExplain the difference between a boundary crossing and a boundary violation.arrow_forward
- Which of these is an advantage of phosphate buffer solutions in biological research? Select one: a. It is non-toxic to cells b. It is isotonic to the cellular environment c. It helps to maintain a constant pH in a chemical reaction d. All of the abovearrow_forwardDefine the following terms: a. phospholipids b. soap c. surface active agent d. phosphoglyceride e. sphingomyelinarrow_forwardGive detailed Solution with explanation needed.....don't give Handwritten answer....arrow_forward
- You are studying the effect of different drinks on tooth enamel. In your experiment you place pieces of chalk in different drinks to record the time it takes for the chalk to completely dissolve A. Identify the dependent variable B. Identify the independent variable C. List two constantsarrow_forwardSuppose a researcher is investigating the measurement ability of a new device intended to read the freezing point of a chemical compound. The substance used in the investigation has a known freezing point of -24 degrees Celsius. The researcher conducted a series of 10 sample measurements of the freezing point, and the results are represented below. What can we say about the device with regards to its precision, and potential bias? Measurement Freezing Point (degrees Celsius) 1 -26 2 -18 3 -32 4 -31 5 -24 6 -24 7 -24 8 -24 9 -11 10 -37arrow_forwardIn Science experiments, it is very important to “control the variables” so that there is only ONE independent variable and ONE dependent variable. We “control the variables” by making anything else that could change during the experiment into a constant. For example, if you are doing an experiment to find out what material can hold more water, then it is important to make sure all the materials you are testing are the same size. Why is it so important to control the variables? What would happen if we did not control them?arrow_forward
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