Concept explainers
Interpretation:
The reagents required to achieve the desired transformation in each of the reactions are to be provided.
Concept Introduction:
The reaction of alcohols with thionyl chloride and phosphorus tribromide leads to the substitution of hydroxide group by chloride and bromide ion, respectively.
The reaction of alcohols with sulfuric acid leads to the removal of a water molecule to form
Electrophiles are electron deficient species which has positive or partially positive charge. Lewis acids are electrophiles which accept electron pair.
Nucleophiles are electron rich species which has negative or partially negative charge. Lewis bases are nucleophiles which donate electron pair.
Free radical is an atom, molecule or ion that has unpaired electrons which makes it highly chemically reactive.
Substitution reaction: A reaction in which one of the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon or a functional group is substituted by any other functional group is called substitution reaction.
Elimination reaction: A reaction in which two substituent groups are detached and a double bond is formed is called elimination reaction.
Addition reaction: It is the reaction in which unsaturated bonds are converted to saturated molecules by the addition of molecules.
Carbocation is a molecule having a carbon atom bearing three bonds and a positive formal charge.
Carbocation are generally unstable because they do not have eight electrons to satisfy the octet rule.
The order of stability of carbocation is such that the tertiary carbocation is the most stable whereas the primary carbocation is the least stable, and secondary carbocation lies between primary and tertiary carbocations.
If primary carbocation is obtained in product, it rearranges itself to secondary or tertiary carbocation to form more stable product.
If secondary carbocation is obtained in product, it rearranges itself to tertiary carbocation to form more stable product.
The stability of carbocation:
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Organic Chemistry
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- Identify the reagents necessary to accomplish each of the following transformations:arrow_forward16. When cis-1,2-cyclopentanediol reacts with acetone in dry HCl, compound M is formed. What do you expect the hydrolysis of compound M to be when subjected (i) to base; and, (ii) acid a. resistant to base; resistant to acid b. resistant to base; readily hydrolyzed by acid c. readily hydrolyzed by base; resistant to acid d. readily hydrolyzed by base; readily hydorlyzed by acid 17. Following (16), would you expect that a similar compound be formed if the reactant was trans-1,2-cyclopentanediol? Why is this so? a. Yes; hydroxyl groups are on opposite side b. No; hydroxyl groups are on opposite site c. Yes; hydroxyl groups are on the same side d. No; hydroxyl groups are on the same sidearrow_forwardThe sex pheromone of the common house fly has the molecular formula C23H46. It can be synthesized in the lab using the following synthetic sequence. Give the structures of the pheromone and the intermediates A and B. n-C13H27C≡CH + n-butyl lithium → A (C15H27Li) A + n-C8H17Br → B (C23H44) B + H2 with Lindlar catalyst → the pheromonearrow_forward
- Propose a structural formula for compound A, C5H13N, given its IR and calculated 1H-NMR spectra.arrow_forwardBelow is a schematic representation of possible reaction that compound X can undergo.Use the scheme to answer the following questions. A.What is the IUPAC name for compound X B. What type of reactions is/are represented by (i) and(ii). C.Compound X undergo transitions through either (A) or (B) to produce compounds (1),(2),(3) and (4). Draw the structure of (A) and (B).arrow_forward2. Provide reagents/conditions to accomplish the following syntheses. Several steps are required in some cases.arrow_forward
- Organic ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305580350Author:William H. Brown, Brent L. Iverson, Eric Anslyn, Christopher S. FootePublisher:Cengage Learning