Oligodendrocyte

Introduction Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurological disease that affects roughly 400,000 people in the United States (Hunter, 2016) but isn’t very well understood on a cellular level quite yet. There is somewhat of a stigma surrounding the disease as well, as if it is a ticket to life in a wheelchair or an early grave. On the contrary, symptoms and progression vary greatly among individuals and even at different stages for each patient. This paper aims to provide a brief overview of MS, what

increase in the speed of propagation.2 Additionally, myelin acts as an electrical insulator increasing the speed of propagation of the action potential down the axon.2 Myelin is produced by oligodendrocytes in the Central Nervous System and by Schwann cells in the Peripheral Nervous System.2 Oligodendrocytes (and Schwann Cells) are types of cells known as glial cells.2

Describe the functions of neuroglial cells. The function of neuroglial cells is to support and protect neurons. Neuroglial cells in the CNS are called oligodendrocytes whereas neuroglial cells in the PNS is called Schwann cells. Both types of neuroglia cells create myelin to insulate neurons and speed up the transmission of neural messages, but only the Schwann cells in the PNS can aid in axon

Generation of pattern and diversity in Central Nervous System Central nervous system (CNS) is composed of brain and the spinal cord. Neurons constitute a major part of the developing CNS. An axon is an extension of a neuron. The brain grows as a swelling at the front (rostal) end of the neural tube and later leads to become a spinal cord (1,2). Development of the CNS involves many complex mechanisms beginning at the onset of transformation of a single layer of ectodermal cells, the neuroectoderm

In late 18th century France it was common to lose one’s head due to political strife, but could the number of beheadings increase in the early 21st century by elective choice? One of the most controversial and discussed surgeries for the past century has been the concept of allo-head and body reconstruction, i.e. head transplantation. A major advocate for this surgery, Sergio Canavero, has increased its publicity and made major movements to get this procedure to happen in human subjects in the next

Introduction and Clinical Manifestations The brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system (CNS), with the brain coordinating higher-level functions and the spinal cord relaying information from and to the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS is contained within the dorsal cavity, with the brain protected by the skull and the spinal cord protected by the vertebrae. Despite this, injuries to the CNS are a global health problem because of the inability of central neurons to regenerate

Multiple sclerosis arises when immune-mediated inflammation activates T cells and causes the T cells and immune mediators to cross the blood-brain barriers into the CNS and attack oligodendrocytes (ie, a type of neuroglial cell with dendritic projections that coil around axons of neural cells). When the oligodendrocytes are attacked, the myelin sheath is replaced by scar tissue, which forms throughout the CNS. As a result of damage to the myelin sheath, the ability to transmit and conduct nerve

• 1 •Chin J Integr Med Depressive symptoms do not represent a mood disorder, but rather an organic dysfunction.(1) Depressive symptoms and cognitive decline are common in schizophrenia, major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder, and Alzheimer's disease (AD).(2) Moreover, depressive symptoms have been associated with increased risk of cognitive decline.(1) The relationship between depressive symptoms and cognitive decline is complex. Recently, cross-sectional studies have demonstrated

hydrolase or a lysosomal catabolism that stimulate the removal of a monosaccharide sugar which is galactose that is found in galactosylceramide or galactocerebroside (GalCer) or anything descendant from ceramide. Galactocerebroside is a marker for oligodendrocytes in the brain, regardless of whether they shape myelin. It is encoded by a specific gene which is (GALC) which is is formed in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi complex after which it is transferred via the mannose-6-phosphate pathway to the

Myelin is a spiral structure made of extensions of the plasma membrane of myelinating cells (Bunge et al, 1962; Peters et al., 1964). Myelin sheaths enwrap axonal regions forming the so called internodes, in a form of alternating concentric layers consisting of compact and non-compact myelin (Bunge et al, 1962; Peters et al., 1964; Baumann and Pham-Dinh, 2001) (Fig. 2.2). Compact myelin contains plasma membranes that are in close apposition, contain only little cytoplasm and comprise the majority