Packet switching

is process of over media access control To provide a means of exchanging data between end users across a MAC-controlled link or a collection of LANs interconnected by MAC-level bridges. Layer 3 switching is another example of fragment-free switching. Up to now, this discussion has concentrated on switching and bridging at the data link layer Layer 2 of the Open System Interconnection OSI model. When bridge technology was first developed, it was not practical to build wire-speed bridges with large

required by many applications. For systems with intensive parallel communicat-ion requirements buses may not provide the required bandwidth, latency, and power consumption. A solution for such a communication bottleneck is the use of an embedded switching network, called Network-on-Chip (NoC), to interconnect the modules in SoCs. NoCs design space is considerably larger when compared to a bus-based solution, as different routing and arbitration strategies can be implemented as well as different organizations

This is how the Internet was discovered. The two authors follow the story from the conception of the idea of "packet switching" in the early 1960s to the creation and development of the Internet. We see how one idea led to another and how the intelligent people around the circumstances influenced the developments. Overall, the book tells us about the people involved

Introduction Virtual is something that is not real, but can be produced by computer imaging. So when you have a VPN, it is considered to be private interaction with two or more devices. The way that these two or more devices can communicate with one another is through the use of the Internet wish is a public network and not private. So the communication that takes place between two or more devices is virtual but not physical form. Private the meaning of is to keep something hidden like a secret

case study of what the development of networking achieved. In the book, we encounter the process of "packet switching," which is a technique in which a digital message is broken up into smaller "packets" that can be routed separately through a network to their destination. This is how the Internet was discovered. The two authors follow the story from the conception of the idea of "packet switching" in the early 1960s to the creation and development of the Internet. We see how one

e-mail while riding a bus or hold a project review while at the local coffee shop or in the airport lounge. The concept of wireless, mobile Internet is not new. When the packet switching technology, the fabric of the Internet, was introduced with the ARPANET in 1969, the Department of Defense immediately understood the potential of a packet switched radio technology to interconnect mobile nodes in the battlefield. Consequently, the ad hoc protocols must self-configure to adjust to environment, traffic

Abstract When Voice over Internet Protocol was being introduced, it was perfectly engineered to work using the existing model and infrastructure without bearing huge cost. VoIP uses Internet Protocol to connect, transmit and terminate the calls. Most of the industry is using VoIP services to connect their offices locally, in different cities and in different countries. VoIP enables User/client to place a telephonic call to their offices/friends/families. This paper will focus on how VoIP works and

be no internet, email or FTP. Two other protocols designed to process packets throughout the network are X.25 and Frame Relay. For this scenario Frame Relay will be used so I will not provide a brief description about

transmission signals, data transmission rate, bandwidth frequency and nature of the services provided. First generation (1G) is introduced in 1980, so each generation had been comes at the end of every decade. First generation used analog signals, circuit switching and FDMA with 30 kHz channels occupying the 824MHz 894MHz frequency band .First generation supports only voice transmission .The data was not reliable; there were interrupted communication and few other problems in First Generation [1]. Second Generation

upper layers. Some configurations allow speeds to burst above the CIR, but never more than the physical capacity of the circuit. The DLCI is the connection identifier for the PVC in the connection oriented datalink protocol that is frame-relay. By switching variable length frames, statistical multiplexing is achieved. Even though frame-relay may be susceptible to traffic delays it can still be optimized for delay sensitive traffic such as voice over IP. Because the frame-relay path is known, it is