Interpersonal Violence Among Differing Global Cultures
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Interpersonal Violence Among Differing Global Cultures
Nedra J Byrd
Grand Canyon University: College of Humanities and Behavioral Science
PCN-682: Relational Trauma: History and Treatment Issues
Jody Pendleton, PsyD
March 27, 2024
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Interpersonal Violence Among Differing Global Cultures
Research suggests that cultures can influence and even encourage violence to exist as a response to various instances. Whether it be racism, homophobia, ethnic prejudice, or even war doctrine, these forms of violence towards specific cultures have structural and physical limits that act to marginalize both individuals and groups in a derogatory manner. Within this essay, there will be an explanation of how interpersonal violence is defined in the United States, how the causes and impacts of three selected cultures views of interpersonal violence are similar to the United States, and finally, a discussion of how these same three cultures differ from the United States. Interpersonal Violence in the United States
Interpersonal violence, as found by Mercy et al. (2017), consists of intentionally using physical force or power against another person by someone or a group of people. Interpersonal violence can be physical, psychological, or sexual and may involve deletion or negligence (para.5). The most common form of interpersonal violence is domestic abuse, it is a serious issue that affects people of all genders, races, and sexual orientations. It may be the most common form of violence in the world. According to Sumner et al. (2016) “
nearly 1 in 5 women (19.3%) have experienced rape (completed or attempted unwanted penetration) at some point in their life and experience the sequelae of such violence” (para.5). Sexual abuse is a common form of domestic violence that may take various forms and has long-term effects on the
victims, including depression, anxiety, and PTSD. The most common form of domestic violence is physical abuse, as well as being the most
dangerous. Physical abuse can include slapping, pushing, punching, choking, and more. Physical abuse can become dangerous because it can potentially escalate and has serious health-
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related repercussions and lifelong damage. Sumner et al. (2016) discovered data from the National Intimate Partner Violence research that approximately 12 million men and women have
reported experiencing some form of violence, with only about 480,000 reported to authorities and roughly 150,000 seeking medical treatment (para.7). Physical abuse is never okay in any form or fashion and should not ever become tolerated.
Emotional abuse is another form of DV and is more difficult to identify as the acts of bullying, belittling, or criticizing leave no outer wounds or scars. The effects of emotional abuse, though do not appear initially, can be devastating and long-lasting, often left with feelings
of being alone with no solution available for the issue, causing depression and often pushing others out of their life. Karakurt & Silver (2013) found emotional abuse may include dominance, verbal assault, isolation, or the use of intimate knowledge for degradation, targeting the well-being of the victim and is often a precursor to physical abuse (para.2). Numerous victims of emotional abuse live with it for years before they gain the courage to leave and seek assistance. Similarities between Causes and Impacts
Interpersonal effects refer to the influence of one individual’s emotions on the other person’s behavior such as scars of emotional neglect. More than a third of South African children under the age of 17 suffer emotional abuse and neglect while around 14% of Americans report having endured emotional abuse or neglect during their childhood. According to the World Health Organization (2022), it is estimated up to 1 billion children globally ages 2-17 have endured some form of abuse within the past year with evidence showing the abuse can be prevented. 3
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There are numerous different causes of interpersonal violence, including differences in upbringing and cultural differences. Zhao et al. (2022) discovered interpersonal violence committed within Asian households is often regarded as a private family matter and is often overlooked (para.3), much like their American counterparts. Also found by Zhao et al. (2022) were the low socioeconomic status, educational differences between partners, and rural environment upbringing were all associated with an increased risk factor for Asian women (para.4), like the research completed by Gunarathne and colleagues (2023) regarding American women (Abstract).
Cultures can play such a significant role in causes of interpersonal violence, whether it be
permitting the violence or encouraging it, due to various improvements. In the Middle East, as found by Abdel-Salam et al. (2022), emotional violence is the most common, with more than half the female population voicing their concerns regarding it (para.18), while American women are just below half at 40% experiencing emotional abuse, as found by Karakurt & Silver (2013, para.7). Differences between Causes and Impacts Early interpersonal violence, such as emotional, physical, and sexual abuse, and neglect can form structure and functioning in ways that can negatively affect various stages of social, emotional, and intellectual development. Africa has one of the “highest burdens of interpersonal violence injury in the world” and a recent study was conducted, showing pointed associations between IPV, HIV infection, and childhood sexual abuse (CSA) along with a strong link between
IPV and HIV infection in the women of South Africa, as reported by Norman et al.(2010, para.5). Whereas, there is strong evidence of a range of physical and mental health concerns, such as a 78% increased likelihood of sexually transmitted illness 0or risky sexual behavior, 54%
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increase in chances of a depressive disorder, and 32% likelihood of obesity correlated with early interpersonal violence long-term effects (Sumner et al., 2015, abstract). According to Wessells & Kostelny (2022), death is the most extreme form of IPV, specifically dowry deaths as made evident in India, and is often conducted by poisoning, hanging, or burning
(para.2). Lastly, the long-term effects of exposure to IPV in the Middle East, as founded by Bissell & Alshurafa (2021), has shown their volumes in the hippocampal and amygdala has decreased, increasing their risk of depression and behavior issues, learning and cognitive difficulties are linked to the decrease in hippocampal volumes (para.16). Conclusion
Interpersonal violence is considered a public health issue that can have lifelong effects on
the children who witness these acts. Being exposed to violence and abuse has been linked to severe mental and physical conditions and in some cases, death. An explanation of how interpersonal violence was defined in the United States, how the causes and impacts of the three countries' views of interpersonal violence are similar to the United States, and finally, a discussion of how these same three countries differ from the United States. 5
References
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