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Southern New Hampshire University *

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Module 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_3a0sm5 1. What is comparative genomics? How does its study contribute to our understanding of genetics? -identifying simi- larities and differ- ences in organi- zation and gene content among the genomes of differ- ent organisms. -such studies are important for studying the ge- netic relatedness of species and for identifying gen families 2. Intron frequency varies considerably among eukary- otes. Provide a general comparison of intron frequen- cies in yeast and humans. What about intron size? The entire yeast genome has only about 240 introns, whereas some single genes in human contain over 100 introns. In general, small- er genomes have smaller intron size in addition to lower intron number 3. Assume that one conducted a typical cloning exper- iment using pUC18, transformed an appropriate host bacterial strain (one carrying the lacZ complementing region), and plated the bacteria on an appropriate X-gal medium. Blue and white colonies appeared. Which of the two types of colonies, blue or white, would most likely contain the recombinant pUC18? the white colonies because of inser- tional inactivation of the lacZ compo- nent 4. The haploid human genome contains about 3x10^9 nucleotides. On average, how many DNA fragments would be produced if this DNA was digested with re- 4 base cutter= (¼)^4=1/256bp gets cut 1 / 50

Module 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_3a0sm5 striction enzyme Pstl (a 6-base cutter)? Real (a 4 base cutter)? How often would an 8-base cutter cleave? (3x10^9)/256=11,718, cutes 6 base cutter= (1/6)^6=2.44e-4=1/500 gets cut (3E9/5000)=600,000 cuts 8 base cutter ([)^8=1e-5=1/100,000 gets cut (3e9/100000)=30,000 cuts 5. crossing over is often reduced around centromeric regions of chromosomes. If you were trying to con- struct a genetic map of two linked marker loci in this region, what result might you obtain and why? How would the genetic map correspond to the physical map? -genes mapped based on recombi- nation will appear to be very close together in cen- tromeric regions due to low rates of recombination. -distances be- tween the same genes on the physical map may be much greater when compared to other regions of the chromosome 6. What is the purpose of an antibiotic resistance gene in a plasmid cloning vector? to determine if the vector is present in host cell 7. two genes that evolved from the same common an- cestral gene, but are now found as homologs in dif- ferent organisms are called orthologs 2 / 50

Module 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_3a0sm5 8. in the context of recombinant DNA technology, what is meant by the term vector? a vector is a vehi- cle to carry recom- binant DNA mol- ecules into the host where inde- pendent replica- tion can occur. -most common vectors are plas- mids, bacterio- phages, and cos- mids 9. Match each term with the best letter choice a. chromosome spread b. protein c. plasmid d. centromere e. multiple hosts f. Taq polymerase g. DNA quantification h. protein/DNA interaction i. lacZ j. foreign DNA k. mRNA l. Agrobacterium tumefaciens a. in situ hybridiza- tion b. expression vec- tor c. cloning vector d. YAC e. shuttle vector f. PCR g. real-time PCR h. ?DNA Chip?? i.Beta-galactosi- dase j. transgene k. cDNA library L: ? 10. What is a cDNA molecule -single-stranded DNA that is complementary to a certain sequence of messenger RNA. It is usually formed in a laboratory by the 3 / 50

Module 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_3a0sm5 action of the enzyme reverse transcriptase on a messenger RNA template. Complementary DNA is a popular tool for molecular hybridization or cloning studies -found only in ma- ture mRNA, so in- trons are removed 11. A gene construct that indicates when transcription occurs because the protein is easily identified (often GUS or GFP) reporter gene 12. What advantages does pUC18 have in terms of re- combinant DNA technology? List 3 such advantages 1. high copy num- ber 2. large number of RE sites (polylink- er in LacZgene) 3. Selection sys- tem (ampicillin gene) 4. Insert dis- crimination sys- tem (lacZ gene) 5. small size 13. Describe the relationship between introns (size and number) and organismic complexity in eukaryotes going from yeast to multicellular eu- karyotes, the pro- portion of genes with introns in- creases, the num- ber of introns 4 / 50

Module 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_3a0sm5 per gene increas- es, and the sizes of the introns in- crease 14. For a physical map of a chromosome, distances are measure in units of -percent recombination -RFLPs -centiMorgans -base pairs -contigs ??? not centimor- gans? 15. The first commercial productions of what human en- zyme led to the explosion of the biotechnology indus- try insulin 16. Which of the following are the important proteins needed for cloning a eukaryotic gene into bacterial plasmid -DNA polymerase -restriction enzymes specific for the target genes -DNA ligase -both B and C both B and C (both restriction enzymes specif- ic for the target genes and DNA ligase) 17. The human genome contains approximately 20,000 protein-coding genes, yet has the capacity to pro- duce several hundred thousand gene products. What can account for the vast difference in gene number and product number? It is estimated that 40 to 60 percent of human genes pro- duce more than one protein by al- ternative splicing 18. The Human Genome Project, which got under way in 1990, is an international effort to construct a phys- ical map of the 3.3 billion base pairs in the human genome 19. PCR is 5 / 50

Module 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_3a0sm5 a technique for amplifying DNA sequence in vitro 20. Which of the below are not steps in the production of genome sequence maps: -read the sequence of individual piece of the genome -isolate whole chromosomes -when sequences are obtained, assemble and orga- nize the sequences in order -identify molecular markers on specific chromo- somes -all of these are steps you would use isolate whole chromosomes 21. the set of all proteins encoded by the genome is called the proteome 22. Of the DNA sequences below, which would probably be the harder to determine? -CGATATATATATATATACGAT -GGCATCACGAGCTGCATTCGCA CGATATATATATATATAT ACGAT 23. Electrophoresis separates DNA fragments of differ- ent sizes, but this technique does not indicate which of the fragments contains the DNA piece of interest. This problem is solved by removing the bands from the gel and hybridiz- ing them with a known strand of DNA complemen- tary to the gene of interest 24. The PCR (polymerase chain reaction) protocol that is currently used in laboratories was facilitated by the discovery of a bacterium called Thermus aquati- cus in a hot spring inside Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. This organism contains a heat-stable form of DNA polymerase known as Taq polymerase, which continues to function even after it has been heated to 95 degrees C. Why would such a heat-stable poly- ????? Not "more than one" 6 / 50

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