midterm-review

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University of Guelph *

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Biology

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Feb 20, 2024

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Midterm Review Animal Disorders (University of Guelph) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Midterm Review Animal Disorders (University of Guelph) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by Alex Bakos (bakoalex754@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|34667946

MIDTERM REVIEW 1. Which of the following is not a sign of a stressed herd? a) Decreased Productivity b) Decreased Product Quality c) Increased Risk of Disease d) Increased Profit 2. Which of the following best describes stressors? a) Something that disrupts homeostasis in an organism and in doing so elicits a stress response b) A physical threat c) A psychological threat d) All of the above 3. Where does the perception of a stressor occur? a) Spinal Cord b) Sensory Input c) Brain d) Stress Response 4. What does the variance in an individual's stress response come from? a) Genetics b) Environment c) Epigenetics d) A sum of all the above 5. BMAL1 is what type of transcription factor? a) Clockwork b) Stresser c) Mutation d) Sex determining 6. Which of the following is the best stress biomarker? a) GC b) Catecholamines c) ACTH d) A panel 7. Which of the following do we not look for in a biomarker? a) Sensitive b) Low throughput analysis c) Economical d) Assay developed 8. Which of the following is true? a) HPA axis is activated immediately and peaks within minutes, SAM pathway is delayed and peaks within hours b) HPA Axis involves the hypothalamus, pituitary and adrenal medulla c) SAM Axis involves hypothalamus, pituitary and adrenal cortex d) SAM axis is activated immediately and peaks within minutes, HPA pathway is delayed and peaks within hours 9. In Chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla, Ach binding to NiAchR triggers release of catecholamines. These catecholamines are synthesized here from L-tyrosine. Which of the following enzymes converts NEPI to EPI? a) PC1 b) CYP Downloaded by Alex Bakos (bakoalex754@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|34667946

c) PNMT d) 3B-HSD 10. Why might Aashna scream when a balloon pops but Caileigh not be bothered? a) Stress response is activated during a perceived threat. Based on environmental, genetic and epigenetic factors each person is prone to a different response. b) Aashnas brain perceived it as a threat c) Caileigh's brain did not perceive it as a threat d) All of the above 11. Which of the following best describes what a biomarker is? a) Blood test b) Measurable indicator of a physiological state of interest c) Always a measure of stress d) Measurable indicator of a physical state of interest 12. Bamboo bending in a severe storm but bouncing back to its original form after the storm is an example of what? a) Adaptation b) Evolution c) Resilience d) Genetics 13. What effects would keeping a pitbull in a family apartment have? a) No effect b) Likely a mismatch to environment which can lead to stress c) Improved health d) No stress 14. Which of the following is true regarding the stress response axises? a) Bidirectional communication between the two ad shared adrenals b) No communication c) SAM can communicate with HPA only d) HPA can communicate with SAM only 15. Put the following steps of the Sympathetic Adrenal Medulla (SAM) axis in order: I. Stress induces immediate release of Ach from sympathetic nerve fibers that innervate the adrenal medulla II. Catecholamines use alpha and beta adrenergic receptors to medicate their response. III. Ach binds to NiAchR on chromaffin cells which triggers secretion of vesicles containing NE and EPI (catecholamines) a) I, II, III b) I, III, II c) II, I, III d) III, II, I 16. Which of the following hormones is primarily secreted by the adrenal medulla? a) Acetylcholine (Ach) b) Norepinephrine c) Epinephrine d) Glucocorticoids 17. Which of the following hormones is involved in regulating basal catecholamine concentrations? a) Melatonin from pineal gland b) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from anterior pituitary c) Glucocorticoids (GC) from adrenal cortex d) Gonadal steroids from gonads Downloaded by Alex Bakos (bakoalex754@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|34667946

e) All of the above 18. Which of the following is NOT one of the ways catecholamines are regulated by the body? a) Regulation of PNMT enzyme activity and expression b) Regulation of bioavailability by plasma binding proteins (50% bound) c) Regulation of stressors d) Regulation of bioactivity by methyltransferases and monoamine oxidases that give the hormones a short half life e) Regulation of ? & ? adrenergic receptors at tissue level 19. Put the following steps of the Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal (HPA) axis in order: I. In the anterior pituitary CRH binds to the high affinity CRH receptor (CRH-R1) on corticotroph cells. II. Secretion of corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) (and other hormones with similar function; AVP, urocortin) from neurons in paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of hypothalamus. III. GCs elicit a range of physiological responses including altering metabolism, behaviour, and regulating the innate and acquired immune responses to help deal with stressor and restore homeostasis. They mediate these effects by binding to high affinity mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) and low affinity glucocorticoid receptors (GR) that act as transcription factors. IV. Binding of ACTH to MC2R triggers adrenal steroidogenesis which involves the conversion of free cholesterol by CYP and 3 ? -HSD enzymes into glucocorticoids (GC- corticosterone in birds and rodents and cortisol in fish and most mammals) V. Neuropeptides are transported to the pituitary via projections into the posterior lobe and the portal system into the anterior lobe. VI. CRH binding to CRH-R1 initiates the transcription of POMC and the conversion to ACTH (bioactive form) by PC1 enzyme. VII. ACTH is secreted into circulation and binds to melanocortin 2 receptors (MC2R) on adrenal cells within the adrenal cortex. a) II, V, I, VI, VII, IV, III b) I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, c) II, I, V, VI, VII, IV, III d) II, I, V, VI, VII, III, IV 20. Which if the following is not true regarding GC regulation? a) Circulating hepatic proteins cortisol-binding globulin (CBG) as well as albumin (ALB) help regulate the bioavailability of circulating GC. b) Binding proteins sequester 95% of GC during stressed state c) During stress stored CBG is released to help buffer increasing GC levels but it will eventually become saturated and concentrations of bioactive GC levels are dramatically elevated d) Tissue GC concentrations are locally regulated by the expression of isozymes 11 ? -HSD2 and 11 ? -HSD1 21. Which if the following is not true regarding GC regulation? a) 11 ? -HSD1 converts inactive cortisone to active cortisol b) 11 ? -HSD2 converts active cortisol to inactive cortisone c) 11 ? -HSD1 is abundant in liver, adipose tissue and brain d) 11 ? -HSD2 is abundant in liver, adipose tissue and brain 22. Which if the following is not true regarding GC regulation? a) Circulating ACTH and GC are regulated throughout the day and season by circadian clockwork genes that are expressed within the SCN of the hypothalamus b) In diurnal species these clock genes allow for decreases in GC in the mornings and increases at night to meet fluctuating energy demands Downloaded by Alex Bakos (bakoalex754@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|34667946

c) Sympathetic nervous signaling from the SCN via the splanchnic nerve has been shown to provide rapid light/dark signals to the adrenals which leads to GC secretion independent of ACTH d) Peripheral circadian clock genes expressed within the adrenal medulla influence catecholamine secretion and in turn GC cycling 23. Which of the following can be a result of adrenal circadian disruption? a) Psychological Disorders (ex. depression) b) Metabolic Disorders (ex. obesity) c) Immune Disorders (ex. lupus) d) Cancer e) All of the above 24. Which of the following is NOT true regarding negative feedback signaling within the HPA axis during circadian cycling and stress? a) During chronic stress MR and GR expression are constantly elevated b) MR participates in negative feedback signalling during day and night circadian cycling. MR expression levels determine sensitivity to stress. MR is highly expressed in the hippocampus. c) GR participates in negative feedback signaling in response to stress. These negative feedback signals occur at the level of the hypothalamus, pituitary and hippocampus where GR expression is high. d) Since MR are of higher affinity their contribution to circadian cycling in tissues is greater. However during acute stress MR becomes saturated with GC thus GR mediates most of GC effects. 25. Which of the following direct biomarkers is most widely used as a biomarker of stress response due to its stability and easiness to sample? a) Catecholamines b) ACTH c) EPI d) Glucocorticoids 26. Why are direct acute stress biomarkers like catecholamines hard to determine? a) They have rapid release and short half lives b) Sensitive to animal handling c) Levels in blood may not be accurate d) All of the above 27. Of the following indirect biomarkers which is not affected by age, gender, day/night or season? a) Chromogranin A b) Blood pressure c) Heart Rate d) All of the above 28. Which of the following biomarkers would you most likely use for an acute stress biomarker in pigs? a) Catecholamines b) Chromogranin A c) ACTH d) GC 29. What is the correct order of steps that an animal must be able to do to maintain homeostasis in an environment rich with pathogenic bacteria, fungi, parasites and viruses? a) Prevent Pathogen Entry, Restore Homeostasis, Recognize Pathogen as Non-self b) Recognize Pathogen as Non-self, Prevent Pathogen Entry, Restore Homeostasis c) Prevent Pathogen Entry, Recognize Pathogen as Non-self, Restore Homeostasis d) Recognize Pathogen as Non-self, Restore Homeostasis, Prevent Pathogen Entry 30. Skin, Mucous, pH and temperature are all examples of which of the following? Downloaded by Alex Bakos (bakoalex754@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|34667946

a) Physiological Barriers b) Physical Barriers c) Mix of Physiological and Physiological Barriers d) None of the above 31. If an animal is not able to eliminate a pathogen this can lead to disease. How do we define disease? a) An illness or condition that prevents the body or mind from working normally b) An illness or condition that causes physical injury c) An illness or condition that results in cell death d) An illness or condition that causes mental stress 32. Animals have host commensal microbial populations that reise on the epithelium of skin, mucosal surfaces of the gastrointestinal, respiratory and urogenital tracts. Which if the following is false regarding their relationship? a) The host provides nutrients and an environment that supports microbe survival b) The microbes make certain nutrients available to the host and help protect against invading pathogens. c) If tolerance to these microbes does not develop normally or tolerance is broken this can lead to disease d) The ability of animals to recognize and respond to pathogens as non-self and tumor cells as modified self yet tolerate non self commensal microbes is facilitated by the immune system e) The commensal microbe populations should be kept at a minimum since they have a competitive relationship with the host 33. Which of the following is the first to be activated during microbial stress? a) Acquired Immune System b) HPA Axis c) Innate Immune System d) SAM Axis 34. Which of the following is true? a) The SAM and HPA axis (neuroendocrine system) play a role in regulating the immune response to ensure they can restore homeostasis b) If the innate and acquired immune response are decreased an animal may not be able to eliminate pathogens or tumor cells c) Excessive and prolonged immune responses can result in a host of tissue damage that can lead to disorders like chronic inflammatory disease, development of tumours, sensitization to environmental antigens, sensitization to self-antigens d) All of the above 35. What would happen if you were born without an immune system but kept isolated in a bubble? a) You would be okay since the bubble would protect you from invading pathogens somewhat like a physical barrier such as skin b) You would die only outside bubble c) You would still have issues since tumor cells can develop randomly and without an immune system you would not be able to stop their spread d) You can survive without an immune system using antibiotics 36. During microbial invasion cells release signaling molecules called ________ as well as various neuropeptides that bind to receptors on neural cells within the gut, liver, respiratory tract, urogenital tract and brain. These neural cells become activated and alert the CNS to danger. These signals are perceived in the brain and the CNS response with neural (SAM) and endocrine (HPA) signals to help regulate the immune response. a) Cytokines b) TNFα Downloaded by Alex Bakos (bakoalex754@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|34667946

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