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University of Ottawa *

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HSS 2101

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Biology

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Oct 30, 2023

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pdf

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2

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TYPES OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY The ability to respond to specific pathogens is acquired through exposure to those pathogens. Such exposure can occur naturally or artificially, as well as actively or passively. Natural immunity happens when exposure to a pathogen happens accidentally, simply through the course of one’s life. There are two types of natural immunity: natural active immunity, and natural passiv e immunity. What’s the difference between them? - Natural active immunity is acquired through accidental exposure to a disease agent. For example, when a child is exposed to measles, their adaptive immune system responds, and they develop resistance to the disease. - Natural passive immunity is acquired through the immunological experience of someone else. For example, immunity can be passed on to a foetus from its mother. artificial immunity happens when exposure to a pathogen happens on purpose. There are two types of artificial immunity: artificial active immunity, and artificial passive immunity. What’s the difference between them? - Artificial active immunity is acquired through deliberate exposure to a disease agent. For example, when a child is given the measles vaccine, their adaptive immune system responds, and they develop resistance to the disease. - Artificial passive immunity is acquired through the immunological experience of someone else. For example, someone who has had a disease will develop antibodies to that disease. Their antibodies can be given to someone else, lending an assist to the recipient’s immune system IMMUNE SYSTEM MOLECULES The immune system uses protein molecules to facilitate its protective effects against pathogens. These molecules include cytokines, antibodies, and complement. 1.What do u remember about cytokines? - Cytokines are the communication molecules of the immune system. They are used to coordinate the responses of innate and adaptive immunity. 2.What are antibodies, and how do they work? - Antibodies are proteins that have combining sites that attach to specific shapes on pathogens, toxins, and any other foreign bodies that the immune system might encounter. They produce humoral immunitythrough the formation of antigen-antibody complexes. This can render pathogens unable to interact with human cells, neutralize toxins, or even agglutinate (clump together) foreign cells, making the work of immune system cells easier. 3.What do complement proteins do? - Complement proteins can be activated by antibody-antigen complexes. They “drill” holes in foreign cells, allowing them to fill with water until the cells rupture, rendering them innocuous. They also have the ability to attract immune system cells to the site of infection, marking pathogens for destruction by those cells.
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