Disease sheet Patho Exam 1

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School

Grand Canyon University *

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Course

202L

Subject

Biology

Date

Oct 30, 2023

Type

xlsx

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Uploaded by ProfessorMetalLobster31

What is "ceChanges made by a cell in response to adverse environmental changes by size, number, and form What are tDisuse, overuse or increased workload, hormonal response, environmental stress, chronic irritatio What is at Disuse - Decrease/shrinkable in cellular size - ex. muscle What is hyOveruse - increased in size of cells - ex. Heart What is hypOverstimulation by hormones - increase in number of cells - ex. BPH males estrogen What is meConstant environmental stress - Reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another - ex. S What is dysHPV virus - Abnormal changes in size, shape and organization of mature cells - ex. Cervix What are tHypoxia, Physical agents, Chemical agents, Infectious agents, Immunologic reactions, Nutritional i How does h Inadequate oxygen to tissues - heart attack/stroke How does pmechanical trauma,, burns, follicle, frostbite, radiation, electric shock - temp How does cpoisons, pesticides, alcohol, tobacco, glucose, CO, salt How does iviruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites How does iAnaphylaxis, autoimmune How does nToo much or too little of nutrition How does gcongenital malformations, abnormal proteins, abnormal enzymes What is ne cell death - a form of cell injury which results in the premature death of cells in living tissue by aut What are tCoagulative, liquefactive, caseous, fat, gangrenous Where doe Typically affects the kidney and heart Where doe Typically affects neurons/glial cells in brain Where doe Typically affects the lungs Where doe Typically in the adipose Where doeTypically in extremities and it is due to physical injury and trauma Which statCause - (Chromosome 4) Achondroplasia (w/o cartilage) however, problem is with ossification aut Which stat Causes - autosomal dominant: onset in late childhood or early adulthood - Signs/symptoms - Pain Which statCause - genetic autosomal dominant (short arm of chromosome 4), 25 to 45 year old onset - Signs Which stat Cause - autosomal recessive (chromosome 7) -> chloride metabolism, 1 in 28 in U.S. are carriers, r Which stat Cause - Genetic -> autosomal recessive (a valine replacing a glutamine in the 6th position of the b Which statCause - Autosomal recessive, mutation in the HEXA gene on chromosome 15 More common in Jew Which stat(A serve genetic disorder resulting in muscle weakness and degeneration that leads to death of m Which statType A (80%) - clotting factor VIII / Type B (15%) - clotting factor IX (X-mas Disease) (Blood does no Which stat(Trisomy 21 - a type of aneuploidy -> cells that do not contain a multiple of 23 chromosomes) Cau Which statCauses - Chromosomal disorder XXY (males with an extra X chromosome) - Signs/symptoms - Both Which statCause Chromosomal disorder -> women -> X only (missing X) - Signs/symptoms - Short stature, no What is conDuchenne muscular dystrophy and hemophilia What is coCystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, Tay Sachs disease What is coDwarfism achondroplasia, polycystic kidney disease, huntingtins disease Which statCauses - Increase hydrostatic pressure (capillary filtration), decrease osmotic pressure (capillary re Which stat(excessive secretion of ADH) Cause - Brain injury, infection (TB), trauma, stroke, hemorrhage, POST Which stat (Insufficiency of ADH) Cause - Neurogenic: absence of ADH, pituitary problem such as brain tumor Which statCauses - Prolonged sweating, TBW increases more than Na. exercising with H2O intake and no Na Which statCauses - Increase Na, over secretion of aldosterone, too little H2O in elderly/infants, diabetes insip What is coDue to trauma or around an organ, ex. Sprained ankle or pulmonary edema What is coUniform distribution of fluid, (Causes- congestive heart failure, kidney failure (albumin), liver failur Which statCauses - reduced intake of K in elderly, alcoholism, anorexia - increased losses of body K, diarrhea Which statCauses - Increased exit of K from cells, trauma - increased intake of K, ingestion of potassium salt Which statCause - Vitamin D deficiency and hypoparathyroidism - EKG changes - Long QT interval Which statCause - Hyperparathyroidism and calcium antacid abuse - EKG changes - Short ST segment Which stat Causes - hypoventilation, COPD, pneumonia, asthma, broken ribs, non-pulmonary cause - head in

Which statCauses - Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKAA) type 1, renal failure, chemicals (MUDPILES) you ingest/inha Which stat Causes - hyperventilation, high altitudes, iatrogenic (improper ventilator settings) - Compensation Which stat Causes - Vomiting acid loss, diuretics, antacids/tums - Compensation - respiratory shallow and slo Anion gap Metabolic acidosis What is thepH = decrease - PaCO2 = Normal or decrease (compensation) - HCO3 = decrease What is thepH = increase - PaCO2 = Normal or increase (compensation) - HCO3 = increase What is thepH = decrease - PaCO2 = increase - HCO3 = Normal or increase (compensation) What is thepH = increase - PaCO2 = decrease - HCO3 = Normal or decrease (compensation) How to sol Na - (Cl + HCO3) = 10-12 If anion gaKidney failure If anion gaChemical failure What is "MMethanol What is "UUremia What is "DDKA What is "P Propylene glycol What is "I Isoniazid What is "L Lactic acidosis What is "E Ethylene glycol What is "S Salicylates

on Smoker/heartburn (gerd) imbalances, Genetic abnormalities tolysis tosomal dominant -> if a pair of achondroplasia alleles are present, the result is fatal within months after birt n, abdominal or back mass, hematuria, frequent kidney infections, higher risk of cerebral /aortic aneurysms, m s/symptom - Chorea (athetosis) -> irregular, spasmodic, involuntary movements (begins in face and limbs -> w respiratory failure is almost always the cause of death, median age of Dx: 6 months - Signs/symptoms - persis beta globin chain) - Signs/symptom - Vasocclusive crisis -> lobjam effect -> abdominal and bone pain, ulceratio ews, Cajuns from Louisiana and Canadians from Quebec, approx. 1 in 3,600 Ashkenazi jews at birth are affecte muscle cells) Cause - x-linked recessive, about two thirds of cases are inherited from a persons mother, while o ot clot use - Maternal age affects the chances of having a pregnancy with it, at age 20 the chance is 1/1441, 30 = 1/9 h male and female sexual characteristics, decreased testosterone -> less body and facial hair, high pitched vo o or irregular menstrual periods due to streak ovaries, no breast development, widely spaced nipples, infertili eabsorption), obstructed lymphatic drainage, damaged ST SURGICAL hypothalamus/post pit, Meds -> diabetic drugs, narcotics, general anesthetics, antidepressants, r, aneurysm, hypophysectomy, thrombus, infection - Nephrogenic: inadequate response of renal tubules to A a intake - Vomiting/diarrhea, diuretics - SIADH common in elder - Signs/symptoms - Lethargy, headaches, conf pidus, decrease ADH - Signs/symptoms - Oliguria (low output of urine), Dry mucous membranes, thirst re (albumin)) a, vomiting, nasogastric suctioning -> increase volume depletion -> increase aldosterone -> Na reabsorption/K - decreased renal excretion of K, renal failure - Signs/symptoms - Weakness/paralysis, widened QRS and Tall p njury or drugs(anesthesia, alcohol anxiety meds like valium, Xanax, Rohypnol) that depresses respiratory cente

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ale or metabolically created in your body - Compensation - Kidneys - conserve HCO3 and excrete H in acidic u n - Kidneys conserve H and excrete HCO3 - Signs/symptoms - Vertigo, confusion, paresthesia's, convulsions, co ow respiration to retain CO2 - Signs/symptoms - Weakness, muscle cramps, hyperactive reflexes, tetany, confu

th - Signs/symptoms - Disproportion dwarfism, shortening of limbs, short fingers and toes, Large head with pr mitral valve prolapse and diverticulosis, possible cysts in liver, pancreas, and ovaries as well - Testing - imaging whole body), twisting and writing, hyperkinesia, Dementia - Testing - CT/MRI, genetic testing stent cough, wheezing, frequent infections (pneumonia), clubbing and barrel chest develop overtime, failure ons, thrombi, infarcts, Sequestration crisis - blood pooling and infarction of splenic and hepatic vessels -> usu ed - Signs/symptoms - becomes apparent around three to 6 months of age with the baby losing the ability to one third of cases are due to new mutation, Dystrophin (maintain the muscle fibers cell membrane) - Signs/sy 959, 40 = 1/84, 50 = 1/44 - Signs/symptoms - Small head with flat facial features, short stature, slanted eyes, s oice, gynecomastia (50%)(risk breast CA), weak muscles and bones, shy, Infertility (95-99% due to low sperm c ity, LOW POSTERIOR HAIRLINE, WEBBED NECK, coarctation of aorta -> blood pressure in arms and in legs - Te chemo agents, NSAIDS, Ectopic production by an ADH secreting tumor-> duodenum, stomach, pancreas, blad ADH, pyelonephritis (kidney infections), PKD, amyloidosis, Meds-loop diuretics, general anesthetics, lithium - S fusion, restlessness/irritability, muscle weakness, spasms, coma K excretion, K wasting diuretics - Signs/symptoms - Muscle weakness and cramps, shallow T wave peaked T wave ers

urine - Compensation - respiratory - kaussmaul respiration - Signs/symptoms - later and/or sever acidosis -> h oma, tetany, carpopedal spasm, cerebral vasoconstriction usion, convulsions, atrial tachycardia

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rominent forehead frontal bossing, Varus (bowleg) or valgus (knock knee) deformities - Testing - clinical exam g -> CT,US to thrive, low weight based upon age due to malabsorption of nutrients and meconium ileus - Testing - Swea ually only in children -> 1/5 blood volume trapped ->50% mortality, Aplastic crisis -> increase in erythropoiesis turn over, sit or crawl, followed by seizures, hearing loss, and inability to move, death usually occurs in early ymptom - muscle weakness beginning around 4 in boys that worsens until unable to walk around 12, Muscle single crease in palm of hand, may have decreased IQ and speech difficulties - Testing - Prenatal care - US or a count) - Testing _ Clinical exam, chromosomal testing, hormones esting - clinical, chromosomal testing dder, prostate, bronchogenic cancer - Signs/symptoms - Lethargy, headaches, confusion, restlessness/irritabil Signs/symptoms - Excessive urination and thirst, polyuria and polydipsia, excretion of large volume dilute urin

hypotension, cardiac dysrhythmias, coma, and death

m-> height percentiles, hormones, x-ray/CT, genetic testing ((Autosomal dominant)) at test -> sweat chloride conc. > 60 mEq/L s can't keep - Testing - hemoglobin electrophoresis, anemia: decrease RBC childhood, less commonly may occur in later childhood or adulthood - Testing - Cherry red macula in the reti loss, difficulty standing/walking/unsteady/waddling gait, larger looking muscles doe to fat build up, walking amniocentesis lity - Testing - Decrease serum (blood) osmolarity vs. increase urine osmolarity ne, dehydration - Testing - Increase serum osmolarity vs. decrease urine osmolarity

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tina, easily observable by a physician using an ophthalmoscope on to the toes or balls of the feet - Testing Gower's sign, high level of creating kinase in their blood