#24_viruses_3-1

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University of Missouri, Columbia *

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1500

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Biology

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Dec 6, 2023

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docx

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1 of 2 Worksheet 14-1: viruses 3 Fill out this worksheet while you watch the recorded lectures mentioned below. Save the worksheet for later reference and return to Canvas to enter your responses. Panopto Lecture: The Immune System 1. What are the two general parts of the vertebrate immune system? What is the fundamental difference between them? Innate immune system and acquired immune system. The acquired immune system learns to recognize pathogens whereas the innate immune system provides immediate preconfigured responses to sets of stimuli. 2. What are the components of the innate immune system? Immune sensing and innate immune cells. 3. What are the components of the acquired immune system? Macrophages, T-cells, and B-cells. 4. What do memory cells do? Why are they called memory cells? Memory cells provide a fast and strong response to pathogens that they “remember”, which is why they are called memory cells. Panopto Lecture: Vaccine Development 1. Explain the general principle of how vaccines work. They expose the body to immunogens to active the acquired immune system and memory cells provide protection. 2. What are the different types of vaccines and how are they different? Heterotypic: a pathogen of another animal that is harmless Inactivated: virus that has been inactivated by heat, chemical, or radiated Attenuated: active, but a less virulent or non-virulent strain Toxoid: inactivated toxins, mostly microbial Subunit: a fragment or part of the virus 3. What are the different phases of clinical trials for vaccines? Phase I: assess safety in healthy people, lowest effective dose, blind, control treatment with placebo, and a sample size of 30+. Phase II: builds on results from phase I, measures effects on a more diverse group of people, tries different schedules. Sample size of several hundreds. Phase III: continue to monitor toxicity, adverse effects, effectiveness to induce immunity in natural settings. Sample size of 10,000-100,000 Phase IV: continued monitoring of adverse effects, long-term immunity. Panopto Lecture: Covid-19 Vaccines 1. What component of SARS-CoV-2 is contained in the new vaccines? The spike protein.
2 of 2 2. What is the vaccine ‘vehicle’ in the BioNTech/Pfizer and Moderna vaccines? And in the Johnson & Johnson vaccine? BioNTech/Pfizer and Moderna: mRNA of Sars-CoV2 spike protein in a lipid-nanoparticle Johnson and Johnson: modified Adeno virus containing spike protein DNA. 3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each of the three vaccines? A disadvantage of the BioNTech/Pfizer vaccine is that it must be stored at -70 degrees Celsius. An advantage of the Moderna vaccine is that it can be stored in a regular fridge for 30 days or a freezer for 4 months. An advantage of the Johnson and Johnson vaccine is that it can also be stored in a regular fridge because DNA is more stable than RNA.
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