Chemistry Notebook 6

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Chemistry Notebook Name: Kieria Brewer Date: 07/24/2023 Experiment #: 6 Title: Bonding & Properties Purpose: To study the infrared spectra and bonds between and within molecules Procedure: Solubility Experiment Starting with 7 test tubes that are filled about a quarter of the way with water. A small amount of potassium chloride is added to the first test tube with water. The test tube is agitated to mix the water with the potassium chloride. Record whether potassium chloride was dissolved in water. This process is repeated for the substance pentane. Since this is a liquid there is an obvious layer between the water and the substance that does not go away. n-propyl chloride is added to a test with water like pentane. These steps are repeated for the remaining 4 substances, Ethyl alcohol, Acetic acid, n-Butyl, and t-Butyl alcohol. Record the solubility for each. Pentane is added in a test tube instead of water. n-Propyl chloride is added to the same test tube and mixed. Record if substances mix or are insoluble. Boiling Point Experiment A distillation apparatus is used to determine the boiling point of each of the seven substances except for potassium chloride. A small sample of each substance is added to the flask on the distillation apparatus. Once heat begins to boil the liquid, the vapor will rise to meet the temperature probe and the temperature will begin to climb. The temperature is recorded once the temperature is constant. This process is repeated for the remaining substances using clean equipment for each except for potassium chloride. Infrared Spectroscopy Using a provided infrared spectroscopy, add a small amount of one of the seven substances. Adjust the instrument settings begin the scan and record the results of each substance. Repeat until all 7 substances have been analyzed. Data/Results/Calculations: Solubility Experiment

Chemistry Notebook Potassium Chloride is soluble in water and is an ionic compound. Ethyl alcohol, t-butyl alcohol, and acetic acid were all soluble in the water. These 3 substances are hydrogen bonding compounds. N-butyl alcohol was partially soluble in the water. This substance does have hydrogen bonding characteristic, but the nonpolar 4 carbon chain makes it partially soluble. Pentane and n-propyl chloride were both insoluble in water, likely due to the longer carbon chains these molecules contain. These two compounds are soluble within each other. This is due to the rule of "like dissolves like’. Boiling Point Experiment In this experiment, the highest boiling point was potassium chloride, which was too high to obtain in the lab. Acetic acid and n-butyl alcohol had the second highest boiling points. The third highest boiling points were t-butyl alcohol and ethyl alcohol. n-Propyl chloride and pentane had the lowest boiling points. Infrared Spectroscopy The potassium chloride's scan was transparent throughout meaning that the K-Cl bonds do not absorb radiation. Pentane saw peaks between 3000-2800 cm-1, at 1460, and 1380. Pentane only has intramolecular C-H and C-C bonds. N-propyl chloride had several peaks at 3000-2800 and saw additional peaks at 1380, 730, and 650 indicating the presence of C-H, C-C, and C-Cl bonds. Ethyl alcohol peaked at 3400-3200, 3000-2800, 1500-1300, and1050 indicating the presence of C-H, O-H, C-C, and C-O bonds. N-butyl alcohol peaked at 3700-3600, 3400-3300, 3000-2800, 1500-1300, and 1050 indicating the presence of C-H, C-C, O-H, and C-O bonds. T-butyl alcohol peaked at 3500-3200, 3000-2800,1500-1300, and 1200 indicating the presence of C-H, C-C, O- H, and C-O bonds. Acetic acid peaked at 3400-2500, 1700, 1500-1400, and 1300-1200 indicating the presence of C-H, C-C, C=O, O-H, and C-O. Substance Molecular weight Dipole Movement Water soluble? Boiling point ( C) Types of bonds Potassium Chloride 74.5 10.2D yes 1420 K-Cl Ethyl alcohol 46 1.7D Yes 76.4 C-H O-H C-C C-O Acetic Acid 60 1.5D Yes 116.2 C-H C-C C=O O-H C-O n- Butyl alcohol 74 1.7D Partially 115.3 C-H C-C O-H C-O

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