Lab 02

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Pensacola Christian College *

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101

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Chemistry

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Dec 6, 2023

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Lab 2: Error in Measurement and Graphical Analysis Laboratory Report Name: Allison Bischoff Lab Partner(s): Karyn Fuller Jacob Varani Purpose of Experiment Write a fully developed paragraph that describes the purpose of the experiment. Include each of the following topics: 1) the main concept(s) being investigated, 2) the variables (quantities) being measured, 3) the instruments and techniques used, and 4) the type of analysis used to draw conclusions from the data. The main purpose of this lab was to learn several methods of taking, recording, and converting measurements. Using different measuring techniques, the circumference and diameter of three different objects were measured as well as the arm-span and height of ten different people. A meter stick was used to measure the disc, a Vernier caliper was used to measure the cylinder, a ruler was chosen to measure the coin, and a metric tape measure was used to measure the arm- span and height of each person. To measure the diameter of each object, the item was simply placed on the measuring device and measured according to the use of the instrument. The circumference of each item was measured by selecting a starting point on the object and then rolling the item next to the measuring tool until the starting point was reached. The arm-span was measured by taking the measuring tape from one tip of the middle finger to the other with the arms stretched out next to the body. The standing height of each person was measured from the top of their head to the floor, and the sitting height was measured from the top of the head to the bottom of the feet while sitting on a stool. The type of analysis used was graphical analysis. After all the data was collected, the data was used to make graphs of all the data so that trend lines could be observed. Data & Analysis Data Table 2.1 Trial Disc Cylinder Coin Circumference Diameter Circumference Diameter Circumference Diameter 1 49.2 cm 15.0 cm 3.6 cm 1.320 cm 3.5 cm 2.1 cm 2 47.8 cm 15.1 cm 2.3 cm 1.320 cm 3.7 cm 2.0 cm 3 47.1 cm 15.0 cm 2.9 cm 1.330 cm 3.5 cm 2.1 cm 4 47.2 cm 14.9 cm 3.2 cm 1.321 cm 6.0 cm 2.1 cm 5 48.4 cm 14.8 cm 2.1 cm 1.290 cm 6.4 cm 2.1 cm 6 47.4 cm 15.2 cm 3.9 cm 1.330 cm 4.3 cm 2.0 cm 7 47.8 cm 14.9 cm 3.3 cm 1.291 cm 4.8 cm 1.9 cm 8 47.3 cm 15.0 cm 3.3 cm 1.291 cm 5.1 cm 1.9 cm

Lab 2: Error in Measurement and Graphical Analysis Laboratory Report 9 47.3 cm 15.0 cm 2.6 cm 1.331 cm 5.5 cm 2.0 cm 10 47.2 cm 14.9 cm 3.4 cm 1.290 cm 5.0 cm 2.0 cm Avg. 47.7 cm 15.0 cm 2.96 cm 1.30 cm 4.78 cm 2.02 cm Data Analysis Question: What can you determine from the data in Table 2.1 about the relationship between circumference and diameter? Which measurement device do you think was more accurate? Support your answer. Looking at the data, the relationship between circumference and diameter is that the circumference is about three times larger than the diameter. According to the formula, pi times the diameter equals the circumference, in which pi is roughly 3.14. I think that the meter stick was more accurate because when I plugged my average values into the circumference formula, the average circumference for the disc was the closest to the calculated value. Data Table 2.2 Trial Gender Name Height Arms-span Arms-span to Height Ratio 1 Female Allison Bischoff 163.0 cm 163.0 cm 1:1 2 Female Karyn Fuller 168.0 cm 162.0 cm 27:28 3 Male Jacob Varani 166.0 cm 166.5 cm 333:332 4 Male Josh 168.5 cm 177.8 cm 177.8:168.5 5 Female Hannah 161.3 cm 113.5 cm 113.5:161.3 6 Female Chloe Cox 163.2 cm 172.4 cm 172.4:163.2 7 Female Chloe Kidd 162 cm 160.9 cm 160.9:162 8 Female Sandy H. 149 cm 151 cm 151:149 9 Male Owen Leppert 190 cm 193 cm 193:190 10 Female Shianna H. 501.1 cm 407.1 cm 407.1:501.1 Avg. Chloe 199 cm 187 cm 187:199 Data Analysis Question: Based upon the data collected, what relationship(s) can you glean between a person’s height and arms -span? The relationship between the height and the arm-span is supposed to be roughly a 1:1 ratio. Additionally, the females, overall, tended to have shorter arm-spans.

Lab 2: Error in Measurement and Graphical Analysis Laboratory Report Data Table 2.3 Height of Chair ’s Seat : 60 cm Trial Gender Standing Height Sitting Height Upper Segment Lower Segment Upper to Lower Ratio 1 Female 163.0 cm 114.1 cm 54.1 cm 108.9 cm 54.1:108.9 2 Female 168.0 cm 124.0 cm 64 cm 104 cm 8:13 3 male 166.0 cm 119.5 cm 59.5 cm 106.5 cm 59.5:106.5 4 Male 169.5 cm 130.31 70.31 cm 99.19 cm 70.31:99.19 5 Female 161.3 cm 125.62 cm 65.62 cm 95.68 cm 65.62:95.68 6 Female 163.2 cm 128.63 cm 68.63 cm 94.57 cm 68.63:94.57 7 Female 162 cm 113 cm 53 cm 109 cm 53:109 8 Female 149 cm 94 cm 34 cm 115 cm 34:115 9 Male 190 cm 121.6 cm 61.6 cm 128.4 cm 61.6:128.4 10 female 501.1 cm 401.1 cm 341.1 cm 160 cm 341.1:160 Avg. 196 cm 147 cm 87 cm 112 cm 87:112 Data Analysis Question: Based upon the data collected, what relationship(s) can you glean between a person’s upper-segment and lower-segment? The lower segment is definitely longer than the upper segment. Additionally, the lower segment slightly less than the twice the upper segment. Graphs

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Lab 2: Error in Measurement and Graphical Analysis Laboratory Report Post-lab Questions 1. What are the three units that will be used the most in physics lab and what will they measure? Mass (kg), time (s), length (m) 2. What is the difference between a fundamental unit, a derived unit, and a derived value? A fundamental unit is a result of a direct measurement while a derived unit is the arithmetical combination of any fundamental unit. A derived value does not have any units at all unlike fundamental and derived units.

Lab 2: Error in Measurement and Graphical Analysis Laboratory Report 3. Type how many significant figures are in each number. 345 3 135,000 3 20000. 5 100200 4 2.0006 5 0.000789 3 4. Solve each problem and type the answer with correct significant figures. 159 + 67 = 226 23 × 0.0265 = 0.61 2.004 – 123 = -121 0.01 ÷ 104 = 0.00010 5. What is the difference between random error and systematic error? Which is more problematic in a laboratory setting? Explain your answer. Systematic error involves any error caused by faulty equipment or the improper design of procedures and can usually be discovered and corrected. However, random errors are unpredictable and cannot be eliminated. Random error is more problematic because it is often due to a human ’ s inaccuracy, and it cannot be eliminated. Error Analysis Write a fully developed paragraph discussing at least three errors that occurred during the laboratory experiment. For each error discuss the following: what was the error, what caused the error, and how did the error affect the recorded/calculated data value(s)? Report percent error or percent discrepancy as applicable. The first source of error was caused by using a meter stick, ruler, and Vernier caliper to measure circumference. This error was caused because these measuring tools were not intended to measure circumference. Because circumference can simply be calculated with a formula, the error from the measuring instruments affected the values by causing the observed values to be lower than the calculated values. The second source of error occurred during the measurement of the circumference of the coin where the circumference had to be measured by rolling the coin all the way back to the starting point. The error was caused by only rolling the coin halfway around because the starting point (the edge of the Monticello) was on both sides of the coin which caused confusion. Because circumference is the entire outer edge of an object, only measuring half of the outer edge causes the observed values to be half the size they should be.

Lab 2: Error in Measurement and Graphical Analysis Laboratory Report The third source of error also occurred during the measurement of the circumference of each object where the circumference had to be measured by choosing a starting point and rolling the object next to the measuring tool and back to the starting point. The error occurred due to the difficulty of rolling the object consistently and accurately next to the measuring device. Additionally, having three different people measuring the circumference allows for different interpretations of the circumference. This error affected the data values by causing them to lack precision. Conclusions Write a fully developed paragraph . State whether your execution of the procedures was a success or failure based upon your purpose section. Support your conclusion(s) by providing relationships, trends, or specific numerical examples from your data. My conclusion from this lab was that the lab was a failure. I expected to see the relationships between circumference and diameter, height and arm-span, and the lower and upper segments. However, there was too much random error in this lab to have somewhat consistent results. After the data values were plotted into the graph, the trendline showed almost a direct relationship between circumference and diameter, but not for the other graphs. After viewing the graphs and seeing the randomness of the data, I was able to see how much the error affected the data. Because of these reasons, I would consider this lab to be a failure.

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