Lab 02
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Pensacola Christian College *
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Course
101
Subject
Chemistry
Date
Dec 6, 2023
Type
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6
Uploaded by allisonkayee
Lab 2: Error in Measurement and Graphical Analysis
Laboratory Report
Name:
Allison Bischoff
Lab Partner(s):
Karyn Fuller
Jacob Varani
Purpose of Experiment
Write a fully developed
paragraph
that describes the purpose of the experiment. Include each of
the following topics: 1) the main concept(s) being investigated, 2) the variables (quantities) being
measured, 3) the instruments and techniques used, and 4) the type of analysis used to draw
conclusions from the data.
The main purpose of this lab was to learn several methods of taking, recording, and converting
measurements. Using different measuring techniques, the circumference and diameter of three
different objects were measured as well as the arm-span and height of ten different people. A
meter stick was used to measure the disc, a Vernier caliper was used to measure the cylinder, a
ruler was chosen to measure the coin, and a metric tape measure was used to measure the arm-
span and height of each person. To measure the diameter of each object, the item was simply
placed on the measuring device and measured according to the use of the instrument. The
circumference of each item was measured by selecting a starting point on the object and then
rolling the item next to the measuring tool until the starting point was reached. The arm-span
was measured by taking the measuring tape from one tip of the middle finger to the other with
the arms stretched out next to the body. The standing height of each person was measured from
the top of their head to the floor, and the sitting height was measured from the top of the head to
the bottom of the feet while sitting on a stool. The type of analysis used was graphical analysis.
After all the data was collected, the data was used to make graphs of all the data so that trend
lines could be observed.
Data & Analysis
Data Table 2.1
Trial
Disc
Cylinder
Coin
Circumference
Diameter
Circumference
Diameter
Circumference
Diameter
1
49.2 cm
15.0 cm
3.6 cm
1.320 cm
3.5 cm
2.1 cm
2
47.8 cm
15.1 cm
2.3 cm
1.320 cm
3.7 cm
2.0 cm
3
47.1 cm
15.0 cm
2.9 cm
1.330 cm
3.5 cm
2.1 cm
4
47.2 cm
14.9 cm
3.2 cm
1.321 cm
6.0 cm
2.1 cm
5
48.4 cm
14.8 cm
2.1 cm
1.290 cm
6.4 cm
2.1 cm
6
47.4 cm
15.2 cm
3.9 cm
1.330 cm
4.3 cm
2.0 cm
7
47.8 cm
14.9 cm
3.3 cm
1.291 cm
4.8 cm
1.9 cm
8
47.3 cm
15.0 cm
3.3 cm
1.291 cm
5.1 cm
1.9 cm
Lab 2: Error in Measurement and Graphical Analysis
Laboratory Report
9
47.3 cm
15.0 cm
2.6 cm
1.331 cm
5.5 cm
2.0 cm
10
47.2 cm
14.9 cm
3.4 cm
1.290 cm
5.0 cm
2.0 cm
Avg.
47.7 cm
15.0 cm
2.96 cm
1.30 cm
4.78 cm
2.02 cm
Data Analysis Question: What can you determine from the data in Table 2.1 about the
relationship between circumference and diameter? Which measurement device do you think was
more accurate? Support your answer.
Looking at the data, the relationship between circumference and diameter is that the
circumference is about three times larger than the diameter. According to the formula, pi times
the diameter equals the circumference, in which pi is roughly 3.14. I think that the meter stick
was more accurate because when I plugged my average values into the circumference formula,
the average circumference for the disc was the closest to the calculated value.
Data Table 2.2
Trial
Gender
Name
Height
Arms-span
Arms-span to
Height Ratio
1
Female
Allison Bischoff
163.0 cm
163.0 cm
1:1
2
Female
Karyn Fuller
168.0 cm
162.0 cm
27:28
3
Male
Jacob Varani
166.0 cm
166.5 cm
333:332
4
Male
Josh
168.5 cm
177.8 cm
177.8:168.5
5
Female
Hannah
161.3 cm
113.5 cm
113.5:161.3
6
Female
Chloe Cox
163.2 cm
172.4 cm
172.4:163.2
7
Female
Chloe Kidd
162 cm
160.9 cm
160.9:162
8
Female
Sandy H.
149 cm
151 cm
151:149
9
Male
Owen Leppert
190 cm
193 cm
193:190
10
Female
Shianna H.
501.1 cm
407.1 cm
407.1:501.1
Avg.
Chloe
199 cm
187 cm
187:199
Data Analysis Question: Based upon the data collected, what relationship(s) can you glean
between a person’s height and arms
-span?
The relationship between the height and the arm-span is supposed to be roughly a 1:1 ratio.
Additionally, the females, overall, tended to have shorter arm-spans.
Lab 2: Error in Measurement and Graphical Analysis
Laboratory Report
Data Table 2.3
Height of Chair
’s Seat
: 60 cm
Trial
Gender
Standing
Height
Sitting
Height
Upper
Segment
Lower
Segment
Upper to
Lower
Ratio
1
Female
163.0 cm
114.1 cm
54.1 cm
108.9 cm
54.1:108.9
2
Female
168.0 cm
124.0 cm
64 cm
104 cm
8:13
3
male
166.0 cm
119.5 cm
59.5 cm
106.5 cm
59.5:106.5
4
Male
169.5 cm
130.31
70.31 cm
99.19 cm
70.31:99.19
5
Female
161.3 cm
125.62 cm
65.62 cm
95.68 cm
65.62:95.68
6
Female
163.2 cm
128.63 cm
68.63 cm
94.57 cm
68.63:94.57
7
Female
162 cm
113 cm
53 cm
109 cm
53:109
8
Female
149 cm
94 cm
34 cm
115 cm
34:115
9
Male
190 cm
121.6 cm
61.6 cm
128.4 cm
61.6:128.4
10
female
501.1 cm
401.1 cm
341.1 cm
160 cm
341.1:160
Avg.
196 cm
147 cm
87 cm
112 cm
87:112
Data Analysis Question: Based upon the data collected, what relationship(s) can you glean
between a person’s
upper-segment and lower-segment?
The lower segment is definitely longer than the upper segment. Additionally, the lower segment
slightly less than the twice the upper segment.
Graphs
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Lab 2: Error in Measurement and Graphical Analysis
Laboratory Report
Post-lab Questions
1.
What are the three units that will be used the most in physics lab and what will they
measure?
Mass (kg), time (s), length (m)
2.
What is the difference between a fundamental unit, a derived unit, and a derived value?
A fundamental unit is a result of a direct measurement while a derived unit is the
arithmetical combination of any fundamental unit. A derived value does not have any units
at all unlike fundamental and derived units.
Lab 2: Error in Measurement and Graphical Analysis
Laboratory Report
3.
Type how many significant figures are in each number.
345
3
135,000
3
20000.
5
100200
4
2.0006
5
0.000789
3
4.
Solve each problem and type the answer with correct significant figures.
159 + 67 =
226
23 × 0.0265 =
0.61
2.004
–
123 =
-121
0.01 ÷ 104 =
0.00010
5.
What is the difference between random error and systematic error? Which is more
problematic in a laboratory setting? Explain your answer.
Systematic error involves any error caused by faulty equipment or the improper design of
procedures and can usually be discovered and corrected. However, random errors are
unpredictable and cannot be eliminated. Random error is more problematic because it is
often due to a human
’
s inaccuracy, and it cannot be eliminated.
Error Analysis
Write a fully developed
paragraph
discussing at least
three
errors that occurred during the
laboratory experiment. For each error discuss the following: what
was
the error, what
caused
the
error, and how did the error
affect
the recorded/calculated data value(s)? Report percent error or
percent discrepancy as applicable.
The first source of error was caused by using a meter stick, ruler, and Vernier caliper to
measure circumference. This error was caused because these measuring tools were not intended
to measure circumference. Because circumference can simply be calculated with a formula, the
error from the measuring instruments affected the values by causing the observed values to be
lower than the calculated values.
The second source of error occurred during the measurement of the circumference of the coin
where the circumference had to be measured by rolling the coin all the way back to the starting
point. The error was caused by only rolling the coin halfway around because the starting point
(the edge of the Monticello) was on both sides of the coin which caused confusion. Because
circumference is the entire outer edge of an object, only measuring half of the outer edge causes
the observed values to be half the size they should be.
Lab 2: Error in Measurement and Graphical Analysis
Laboratory Report
The third source of error also occurred during the measurement of the circumference of each
object where the circumference had to be measured by choosing a starting point and rolling the
object next to the measuring tool and back to the starting point. The error occurred due to the
difficulty of rolling the object consistently and accurately next to the measuring device.
Additionally, having three different people measuring the circumference allows for different
interpretations of the circumference. This error affected the data values by causing them to lack
precision.
Conclusions
Write a fully developed
paragraph
. State whether your execution of the procedures was a
success
or
failure
based upon your purpose section. Support your conclusion(s) by providing
relationships, trends, or specific numerical examples from your data.
My conclusion from this lab was that the lab was a failure. I expected to see the relationships
between circumference and diameter, height and arm-span, and the lower and upper segments.
However, there was too much random error in this lab to have somewhat consistent results. After
the data values were plotted into the graph, the trendline showed almost a direct relationship
between circumference and diameter, but not for the other graphs. After viewing the graphs and
seeing the randomness of the data, I was able to see how much the error affected the data.
Because of these reasons, I would consider this lab to be a failure.
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