Unit IV Scholarly Activity

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Dec 6, 2023

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1 Acme Automotive Parts (AAP) Hazard Exposures Alisha Dufrene Columbia Southern University OSH 6302-21.01.01-6A23-S2, Advanced Industrial Hygiene William Pate 6/27/2023

2 Aerosol: mg/m 3 calculations Manganese Fume Analytical Result: 5 µg Volume (Time): 30 L (15-minute) (5 µg)/(30 L) = 0.167 µg/L 0.167 µg/L = 0.167 mg/m 3 Copper Fume Analytical Result: 140 µg Volume (Time): 960 L (8-hour) (140 µg)/(960 L) = 0.146 µg/L 0.146 µg/L = 0.146 mg/m 3 Lead Fume Analytical Result: 40 µg Volume (Time): 960 L (8-hour) (40 µg)/(960 L) = 0.042 µg/L 0.042 µg/L = 0.042 mg/m 3 Metal Working Fluids Analytical Result: 500 µg Volume (Time): 720 L (8-hour) (500 µg)/(720 L) = 0.694 µg/L 0.694 µg/L = 0.694 mg/m 3 Vapor: ppm calculations 1,2,4 Trimethylbenzene Analytical Result: 5 µg Volume (Time): 48 L (8-hour) MW: 120.19 g/mol (5 µg)/(48 L) = 0.104 µg/L 0.104 µg/L = 0.104 mg/m 3 (0.104 mg/m 3 )(24.45L)/(120.19) = 0.021 ppm Toluene

3 Analytical Result: 125 µg Volume (Time): 48 L (8-hour) MW: 92.14 g/mol (125 µg)/(48 L) = 2.6 µg/L 2.6 µg/L = 2.6 mg/m 3 (2.6 mg/m 3 )(24.45L)/(92.14) = 0.689 ppm Xylene Analytical Result: 20 µg Volume (Time): 48 L (8-hour) MW: 106.16 g/mol (20 µg)/(48 L) = 0.417 µg/L 0.417 µg/L = 0.417 mg/m 3 (1.417 mg/m 3 )(24.45L)/(106.16) = 0.096 ppm Possible errors in the results may encompass inaccuracies in sample collection arising from inadequate procedures or equipment malfunctions, analytical errors such as challenges with calibration or contamination, errors in volume measurement, discrepancies in sampling length, and degradation of the samples during transit. Occupational Exposure Limits (OEL)s Hazard Exposure Chosen OEL Manganese Fume 0.167 mg/m 3 0.1 mg/m 3 (ACGIH 8-hour TWA (I)) Copper Fume 0.146 mg/m 3 0.1 mg/m 3 (OSHA 8-hour TWA) Lead Fume 0.042 mg/m 3 0.05 mg/m 3 (OSHA 8-hour TWA) or 0.05 mg/m 3 (ACGIH 8-hour TWA) Metal Working Fluids 0.694 mg/m 3 0.5 mg/m 3 (NIOSH 10-hour TWA REL) 1,2,4 Trimethylbenzene 0.021 ppm 25 ppm (ACGIH 8-hour TWA TLV) Toluene 0.689 ppm 20 ppm (ACGIH 8-hour TWA TLV) Xylene 0.096 ppm 100 ppm (OSHA 8-hour TWA) or 100 m (ACGIH 8-hour TWA) The chosen OEL (Occupational Exposure Limit) was exceeded by three hazards: magnesium fume, copper fume, and metal working fluids, based on the calculated exposure. I selected the OEL with the lowest threshold, taking into account the ALARA principle (Fuller,

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4 2015) for the well-being of the employees. If the company is capable of meeting lower thresholds than those mandated by OSHA, they should adopt this best management practice. If there is no necessity for exposure to these hazards, they should be minimized or eliminated. Acceptable Level of Risk The determination of an acceptable level of risk can be subjective. What one employee considers acceptable may be deemed too risky by another. Personally, I base my assessment of an acceptable level of risk on the nature of the hazard and the potential outcomes of exposure. Hazard Exposure Above Chosen OEL? Acceptable Level of Risk? Manganese Fume 0.167 mg/m 3 Yes No, should aim to get below OEL and ALARA as manganese is found to be carcinogenic below the ACGIH standard[ CITATION Sol22 \l 1033 ]. Copper Fume 0.146 mg/m 3 Yes Acceptable level of risk once OEL is met. According to the CDC, ‘there is little evidence of serious industrial hazard up to 0.4 mg/ m 3 ’[ CITATION Cen92 \l 1033 ]. Lead Fume 0.042 mg/m 3 No Even though the sampling exposure was below the OEL, lead exposure should be limited to ALARA due to the short term and chronic health effects that it can cause. Additionally, lead exposure may require medical monitoring leading to

5 any exposure beyond ALARA an unnecessary level of risk. Metal Working Fluids 0.694 mg/m 3 Yes Metal working fluids have potential for microbial growth, skin irritation, and work related asthmas. It is found that staying below the OEL can greatly reduce occupational disease. My recommendation is once the exposure is below the OEL; this would be an acceptable level of risk.[ CITATION Cen13 \l 1033 ]. 1,2,4 Trimethylbenzene 0.021 ppm No Occupational exposure to 1,2,4 trimethylbenzene can trigger headache, dizziness, and drowsiness. If the company were to continue to operate below the chosen OEL, this exposure would be an acceptable level of risk. Toluene 0.689 ppm No Occupational exposure to toluene can trigger dermatitis, euphoria, and eye irritation. If the company were to continue to operate below the chosen OEL and supply adequate PPE (like safety goggles), this exposure would be an acceptable level of risk. Xylene 0.096 ppm No Occupational exposure to xylene can

6 trigger excitement, corneal vacuolization, and eye irritation. If the company were to continue to operate below the chosen OEL and supply adequate PPE (like safety goggles), this exposure would be an acceptable level of risk. Noise Sampling Shipping/Receiving Shift Length: 8 hours Result: 78.3 dBA (Lavg) 78.3 Dba = 16.61 log10(dose/100) + 90 -11.7 = 16.61 log10(dose/100) -0.7043=log10(dose/100) 0.1975=dose/100 Dose = 19.75% Hydraulic Press Shift Length: 12 hours Result: 93.0 dBA (Lavg) Dose%=length/T T=8/2^(L-90/5) T=8/2^(93-90/5) T=8/1.516 T=5.28 Dose%=12/5.28 Dose%=227% Metal Working Line Shift Length: 12 hours Result: 84 dBA (Lavg) Dose%=length/T T=8/2^(L-90/5) T=8/2^(84-90/5) T=8/0.435 T=18.39 Dose%=12/18.39 Dose%=65.25%

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7 Robotic Welding Shift Length: 12 hours Result: 80 dBA (Lavg) Dose%=length/T T=8/2^(L-90/5) T=8/2^(80-90/5) T=8/0.25 T=32 Dose%=12/32 Dose%=37.5% Hand Welding Shift Length: 12 hours Result: 81.3 dBA (Lavg) Dose%=length/T T=8/2^(L-90/5) T=8/2^(81.3-90/5) T=8/0.2993 T=26.73 Dose%=12/26.73 Dose%=44.9% Paint Booth Shift Length: 12 hours Result: 79.5 dBA (Lavg) Dose%=length/T T=8/2^(L-90/5) T=8/2^(79.5-90/5) T=8/0.2332 T=34.305 Dose%=12/34.305 Dose%=34.98% QA/QC Laboratory Shift Length: 8 hours Result: 70.0 dBA (Lavg) 70.0 Dba = 16.61 log10(dose/100) + 90 -20 = 16.61 log10(dose/100) -01.204=log10(dose/100) 0.0625=dose/100 Dose = 6.25% Final Inspection

8 Shift Length: 8 hours Result: 73.5 dBA (Lavg) 73.5 Dba = 16.61 log10(dose/100) + 90 -16.5 = 16.61 log10(dose/100) -0.993=log10(dose/100) 0.1015=dose/100 Dose = 10.15% Location dBA 8-HourTWA Exceeds OSHA Action Level of 85 dBA Exceeds OSHA PEL of 90 dBA Shipping/Receiving 78.3 No No Hydraulic Press 95.9 Yes Yes Metal Working Line 86.9 Yes No Robotic Welding 83.4 No No Hand Welding 84.2 No No Paint Booth 82.4 No No QA/QC Laboratory 70 No No Final Inspection 73.5 No No To avoid noise-induced hearing loss, it is typically advised to limit noise exposure to the greatest extent possible while adhering to the ALARA principle. Although the majority of exposures remain below the OSHA PEL (Permissible Exposure Limit), it is critical to take action when exposures reach the action level or when employees report noise concerns. This includes adopting different control measures such as using engineering controls such as sound-dampening curtains, requiring the use of single or double hearing protection, and modifying work behaviors. These precautions are meant to limit the risk to an acceptable level.

9 References Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (1992). Copper fume (as Cu). CDC. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2013). Metalworking Fluids. Fuller, T. P. (2015). Essentials of Industrial Hygiene. National Safety Council. Soltanpour, Z., Rasoulzadeh, Y., & Mohammadian, Y. (2022). Occupational Exposure to Metal Fumes Among Iranian Welders: Systematic Review and Simulation-Based Health Risk Assessment. Biological Trace Element Research , 1090-1100.

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