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Take Test: Quiz 1 (Chapter 1) – Fall 2019 - Data Science...

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Content

Week 1 (Aug 26 – Sept 1)

Take Test: Quiz 1 (Chapter 1)

Test Information

Description

Instructions

Multiple Attempts

Not allowed. This test can only be taken once.

Force Completion

This test can be saved and resumed later.

Complete Week 1 Quiz 1, Due on Sunday.

The Quiz is open book and untimed. ONLY one attempt is allowed.

Total of 10 Multiple Choice Questions at 2 points each = 20 points

Question Completion Status:

QUESTION 1

According to the McKinsey Global report from 2011, Big Data is data whose scale, distribution,

diversity, and/or timeliness require the use of new technical architectures and…..

Technology for enhancement

Maps for an innovation

Analytics for old sources of business value.

Analytics to enable insights that unlock new sources of business value.

2 points

Saved

QUESTION 2

Data that has no inherent structure, are referred to as unstructured data. Identify which format list the

correct unstructured data?

Text documents, Traditional RDBMS, images, and video

OLAP data cubes, PDFs, images, and video

Text documents, PDFs, images, and CSV files

Text documents, PDFs, images, and video

2 points

Saved

QUESTION 3

Big data can come in multiple forms, including structured and non-structured data such as financial

data, text files, multimedia files, and genetic mappings. Identify that correct big data characteristics?

Developed, Semi-Structured, Quasi Structured, Unstructured

Structured, Designed, Quasi Structured, Unstructured

Structured, Semi-Structured, Quasi Structured, Unstructured

Structured, Semi-Structured, Quasi Structured, Integrated

2 points

Saved

QUESTION 4

Social data as a source of Big Data relates to

Communications in the oﬃce environment

Social media channel's insights on consumer behavior

Only phone communications of a technology user

Only email communications of a technology user

2 points

Saved

QUESTION 5

Machine data as a source of Big Data relates to

Real time data generated from sensors and web logs that do not tracks user behavior online.

Non-real time data and web logs that tracks user behavior online.

2 points

Saved

Home

Courses

Jagadish Enkarla

OPRE6302 Operations Management

In-Class Case Analysis

Kristen’s Cookies (Part 1)

You and your roommate are preparing to launch Kristen’s Cookie Company in your

on-campus apartment.

The company will provide fresh cookies to hungry students late at

night.

You need to evaluate the preliminary design for the company’s production process

in order to make key policy decisions, including what prices to charge, what equipment to

order and how many orders to accept, and to determine whether the business can be

profitable.

•

Business Concept

Your idea is to bake fresh cookies to order, using any combination of ingredients that

the buyer wants.

The cookies will be ready for pickup at your apartment within an hour.

Several factors will set you apart from the competing products such as store-bought

cookies.

First, your cookies will be completely fresh.

You will not bake any cookies

before receiving the order; therefore, the buyer will be getting cookies that are literally

hot out of the oven.

Second, like many Boston-based area ice-cream shops, you will have a variety of

ingredients available to add to the basic dough, including chocolate chips, M&M’s,

chopped Heath bars, coconut, walnuts, and raisins. Buyers will telephone in their orders

and specify which of these ingredients they want in their cookies.

You will guarantee

completely fresh cookies.

In short, you will have the freshest, most exotic cookies

anywhere, available right on campus.

•

The Production Process

Baking cookies is simple: place all ingredients in a mixing bowl and mix them; spoon

the cookie dough onto a tray; put the cookies into the oven; bake them; take the tray of

cookies out of the oven; let the cookies cool; and finally, take the cookies off the tray and

carefully pack them in a box.

You and your roommate already own all the necessary

capital equipment: a high-capacity professional-grade electric mixer, cookie trays, and

spoons.

Your apartment has a small oven that will hold one tray at a time.

Your landlord

pays for all the electricity.

The variable costs, therefore, are merely the cost of the

ingredients (estimated to be $0.60 / dozen), the cost of the box in which the cookies are

packed ($0.10 per box; each box holds a dozen cookies), and your time (what value do

you place on your time?).

A detailed examination of the production process, which specifies how long each of

the steps will take follows.

The first step is to take an order, which will be extremely fast

and 100% accurate, since your roommate has devised a method using the campus e-mail

system to accept orders and to inform customers when their orders will be ready for

pickup.

Because this runs automatically on your personal computer, it does not take any

of your or your roommate’s time.

Therefore, this step will be ignored in further analysis.

(a)

Consider the set of numbers

, 2

, 3

, ...,

where

and

are positive

integers.

(i)

Show that the expression for the mean of this set is

)

(



(ii)

Let

= 4. Find the minimum value of

for which the sum of these numbers

exceeds its mean by more than 100.

(6)

(b) Consider now the set of numbers

, ... ,

where

= 0 for

= 1, ... ,

and

= 1 for

= 1, ... ,

(i)

Show that the mean

of this set is given by



and the standard

deviation



(ii)

Given that

, find the value of the median.

(11)

(Total 17 marks)

(a)

The sum of the first six terms of an arithmetic series is 81. The sum of its first

eleven terms is 231. Find the first term and the common difference.

(6)

(b) The sum of the first two terms of a geometric series is 1 and the sum of its first four

terms is 5. If all of its terms are positive, find the first term and the common ratio.

(5)

term of a new series is defined as the product of the

term of the arithmetic

series and the

term of the geometric series above. Show that the

term of this new

series is (

+ 1)2

–1

(3)

IB Questionbank Mathematics Higher Level 3rd edition

Monique Lilly

10/29/2018

Finance

100

Week 5 homework

Professor

Schnur

Chapter 9: P6, P9, P10, P11, P12, P13, P15

P6 Determine the present values if $5,000 is received in the future (i.e., at the end of each indicated

time period) in each of the following situations:

5 percent for ten years

5,000/(1+ 0.05)^10=$5,000/(1.6289)=$3,069.56

7 percent for seven years

$5,000/(1+0.07)^7=$5,000/(1.6057)= $3113.91

9 percent for four years

$5,000/(1+0.09)^4=$5,000/(1.4115)=$3,542.33

P9 Assume you are planning to invest $5,000 each year for six years and will earn 10 percent per year.

Determine the future value of this annuity if your first $5,000 is invested at the end of the first year.

$5,000/(1+0.06)^10=$5,000/(1.8983)=$2,633.94

P10 Determine the present value now of an investment of $3,000 made one year from now and an

additional $3,000 made two years from now if the annual discount rate is 4 percent.

$3,000/(1+0.04)^1=2.884.62

Physiology of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract

or gut.

Motility patterns of the GI tract.

The main function of the GI is to supply the body

with nutrients, electrolytes and water by

performing 5 main functions

Motility

Secretion

Digestion

Absorption

Storage

The GI tract is a tube-like structure that extends

from the mouth to the anus.

Oral cavity

Esophagus

Stomach

Small intestines

Large intestines

Positive obligations

under the European

Convention

on Human Rights

A guide to the implementation

of the European Convention

on Human Rights

Jean-François Akandji-Kombe

Human rights handbooks, No. 7

COUNCIL

OF EUROPE

CONSEIL

DE L’EUROPE

Contreras, Sofia

Period 2

08/15/2019

Revit Scavenger Hunt

Open rac_basic_sample_project.rvt in Revit and then answer the

questions below. Make sure the Properties and Project Browser panes

are open or ask the instructor for help.

What kind of project does the file detail?

Basic Sample Project. (A house.)

What does the Project Browser pane show?

All the views of the project.

Open Floor Plan: Level 1, how many indoor rooms are there on the first floor (hallways

do not count as rooms)?

Five indoor rooms.

How many dining chairs are around the kitchen table?

Eight chairs.

What is the area of the largest bedroom on the second floor?

27m^2

What does the Site Plan detail?

It shows the outside of the property.

Using the Site Plan, how many trees are located on the project property?

Sixteen trees.

What would be one benefit of having the 3D View: Solar Analysis?

By showing the Sun’s

path throughout the day it indicates when solar panels store the solar energy.

What do elevation views show?

The Heights, Levels and grids of the house/property.

10.

How are section views different from elevation views?

You can step a section. Elevations

are a flat plane.

Sections have greater visibility control while elevations do not.

11.

What is an example of a detail view given in this project?

Main stair detail.

12.

How is a rendering different from a 3D view?

In the 3D view you can move around the

project and see all possible angles of the design. Rendering limits your visibility of the

design since it can’t be moved/changed since it’s simply a picture.

13.

How are sheets different from the other project views?

Sheets focus on certain

points/sides of a structures and contains detailed data about each, while other project

views tend to show the overall/ most important data.

BIOL201 Exam II (Final)

Tuesday Apr 24

– 8:30-11am

•

This includes BOTH individual and group stages.

•

You will need…

•

Scientific calculator

(not your phone! Not programmable/ graphing)

•

Pens/ pencils to write your exam.

•

Your amazing problem solving skills!

•

Note:

You can only make groups with students in

your

own section

(exception: those writing with A&D).

Regular office hours during 1

two weeks of exam period. Additional

office hours Fri Apr 20

, & Mon Apr 23

. More details to follow.

Section 201 (Young): SRC A

Unit 5 – Metabolism

Metabolism

Part I

Universal

metabolic pathways

Nucleotides

Unit 5 – Metabolism

By the end of this week, you

should be ready to try all of PS#8.

You and your roommate have timed the necessary physical operations.

The first

physical production step is to wash out the electric mixer’s bowl and beaters from the

previous batch, add the ingredients to the bowl, and turn on the mixer to mix the

ingredients.

The electric mixer can hold and mix ingredients for up to three dozen

cookies.

You then spoon the cookies, one dozen at a time, on to a cookie tray.

These

activities take 6 minutes for the washing and mixing steps, regardless of how many

cookies are being made in the batch.

That is , to mix enough dough and ingredients for

three dozen cookies takes the same 6 minutes as for one dozen cookies.

However,

spooning the cookies on the tray takes 2 minutes per tray.

The next step, performed by your roommate, is to put the cookies in the oven and

set the thermostat and timer, which in total takes about 1 minute.

The cookies bake for

the next 9 minutes.

So total baking time is 10 minutes, during the first minute of which

your roommate is busy setting the oven.

Because the oven only holds one tray, a second

dozen takes an additional 10 minutes to bake.

Your roommate also performs the last steps of the process by first removing the

cookies from the oven and putting them aside to cool for 5 minutes, then carefully

packing them in a box and accepting payment.

Removing the cookies from the oven

takes a negligible amount of time, but it must be done promptly.

It takes 2 minutes to

pack each dozen and about 1 minute to accept payment for the order.

This is the process you plan to use to produce cookies by the dozen at Kristen’s

Cookie Company.

As experienced bakers know, a few simplifications were made in

describing the actual cookie production process.

For Example, the first batch of cookies

for the night requires preheating the oven.

However, such complexities will be put aside

for now.

Begin your analysis by developing a process flow diagram of the cookie-

making process.

The paint used to make lines on roads must reflect enough

light to be clearly visible at right. Let mu denote the true

average reflectometer reading for a new type of paint under

consideration. A test of H_0: mu = 20 versus H_a: mu = 20

will be based on a random sample of size n from a normal

population distribution. What conclusion s appropriate in

each of the following situations? (Round your P-values: to

three decimal places.)

n = 18, t= 3.3, pi = 0.05

P-value

State the conclusion in the problem context

Do not reject the

null hypothesis. There is not sufficient evidence to conduce

that the new paint has a reflectometer reading higher than 20.

Reject the null hypothesis. There is not sufficient evidence to

conclude that the new paint has a reflectometer reading

higher than 20.

Reject the null hypothesis. There s sufficient

evidence to conclude that the new paint has a reflectometer

reading higher than 20.

Do not reject the null hypothesis.

There is sufficient evidence to conclude that the new paint

has a reflectometer reading higher than 20.

n = 8, t = 1.6,

alpha = 0.01

P-value =

State the conclusion in the problem

context.

Do not reject the null hypothesis. There is sufficient

evidence to conclude that the new paint has a reflectometer

reading higher than 20.

Do not reject the null hypothesis.

There is not sufficient evidence to conclude that the new

paint has a reflectometer reading higher than 20.

Reject the

null hypothesis. There is sufficient evidence to conclude that

the new paint has a reflectometer reading higher than 20.

Reject the null hypothesis. The-e s not sufficient evidence to

conclude that the new paint has reflectometer reading higher

P11 What is the present value of a loan that calls for the payment of $500 per year for six years if the

discount rate is 10 percent and the first payment will be made one year from now? How would your

answer change if the $500 per year occurred for ten years?

$500(4.355)=$2,177.50

$500(6.145)=$3,072.50

P12 Determine the annual payment on a $500,000, 12 percent business loan from a commercial bank

that is to be amortized over a five-year period

$500,000/(3.605)= $138,696

P13 Determine the annual payment on a $15,000 loan that is to be amortized over a four-year period

and carries a 10 percent interest rate. Also prepare a loan amortization schedule for this loan.

$15,000/(3.170)=$4,4732

P15 Assume a bank loan requires an interest payment of $85 per year and a principal payment of

$1,000 at the end of the loan's eight-year life.

At what amount could this loan be sold for to another bank if loans of similar quality carried an 8.5

percent interest rate? That is, what would be the present value of this loan?

Now, if interest rates on other similar-quality loans are 10 percent, what would be the present value of

this loan?

85*5.335= $453.48

$1,000*.467= $467

=$920.48

What would be the present value of the loan if the interest rate is 8 percent on similar-quality loans?

$85(5.335)=$488

$1000(.540)=$540

=$1,028

(d) Using mathematical induction, prove that













)

(

(7)

(Total 21 marks)

(a)

Show that

= 2 is a solution to the equation

– 5

–

2 = 0.

(2)

(b) Find the values of

and

such that

– 5

–

2 = (

–

2)(

(4)

+ p

–

2 = 0

(3)

(d) An arithmetic sequence has

as its common difference. Also, a geometric sequence

has

as its common ratio. Both sequences have 1 as their first term.

(i)

Write down, in terms of

, the first four terms of each sequence.

(ii)

If the sum of the third and fourth terms of the arithmetic sequence is equal to

the sum of the third and fourth terms of the geometric sequence, find the three

possible values of

(iii)

For which value of

found in (d)(ii) does the sum to infinity of the terms of

the geometric sequence exist?

(iv)

For the same value

, find the sum of the first 20 terms of the arithmetic

sequence, writing your answer in the form

, where



(13)

(Total 22 marks)

IB Questionbank Mathematics Higher Level 3rd edition

The first level of control in GI motility lies in the intrinsic electrical properties of the smooth

muscle mass.

These electrical properties consist of spontaneously undulating waves of partial

depolarization that sweep over the gut smooth muscle.

The origin of this electrical activity is from specialized smooth muscle cells known as

Interstitial Cells of Cajal (ICC). These cells form an interconnecting lattice of cells that

surrounds the circular and longitudinal layers of muscle over the entire length of the gut.

The ICC exhibit rhythmical and spontaneous oscillations in their transmembrane

electrical potentials, similar to pacemaker cells in the heart.

The are connected to one another and to cells of the smooth muscle by tight junctions

or nexuses, which allow the flow of ions from cell to cell.

8/26/2019

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Big data generated from applications but do not track user behavior online.

Real time data generated from sensors and web logs that tracks user behavior online.

QUESTION 6

Identify one element that are not among the three attributes that defines Big Data characteristics:

Huge volume of data

Similar types of data and styles

Complexity of data types and structures

Speed of new data creation and growth

2 points

Saved

QUESTION 7

Data containing a defined data type, format, and structure are called structured data. Which of the

format below are not structured data?

OLAP data cubes

Traditional RDBMS

CSV files

Images

2 points

Saved

QUESTION 8

Transaction data as a source of Big Data can be

Generated by only individuals on a specified period.

Generated by large retailers and B2B Companies on a specified period.

Generated by large retailers and B2B Companies on a frequent basis.

Generated by only investment companies on a frequent basis.

2 points

Saved

QUESTION 9

Select the correct sources of Big Data

Status data, machine data, transaction data

Technology data, effective data, solution data

Social data, machine data, transaction data

Social data, management data, transaction data

2 points

Saved

QUESTION 10

Current business problems provide many opportunities for organizations to become more analytical

and data-driven. Identify the list that has the four Business Drivers for Advanced Analytics

Monitor and Control, Identify business risk, Predict new business opportunities, Comply with

regulatory requirements

Optimize business operations, Identify business risk, Predict new business opportunities, Comply

with regulatory requirements

Optimize business operations, Advanced Analytics, Predict new business opportunities, Comply

with regulatory requirements

Optimize business operations, Identify business risk, Predict new business opportunities,

Competitive advantage

2 points

Saved

Contreras, Sofia

Period 2

08/15/2019

14.

Give three examples of families that are pre-loaded into Revit.

Doors, Windows, and

Floors.

15.

Go back to Floor Plan: Level 1, select various objects in the view and notice how the

Properties pane changes, summarize the purpose of the Properties pane.

The properties

panel serves for many purposes, which are: Selecting types of elements that are to be

place in the drawing area, or to change the type of elements already placed, using the

Type Selector. View and modifying the properties of the element you are placing or of

elements selected in the drawing area. View and modifying the properties of the

active view. Accessing the type properties that apply to all instances of an element

type.

16.

Browse the commands on each tab of the ribbon (Architecture, Structure, Systems,

Insert, etc) and summarize the purpose of the commands in each tab.

•

Key Questions to Answer Before You Launch the Business

To launch the business, you need to set prices and formulate rules for accepting orders.

Some issues will be resolved only after you get started and try out different ways of

producing the cookies.

Before you start, however, you at least want a preliminary plan,

with as much as possible specified, so that you can do a careful calculation of how much

time you will have to devote to this business each night, and how much money you can

expect to make.

For example, when you conduct a market survey to determine the likely

demand, you will want to specify exactly what your order policies will be.

Therefore,

answering the following operational questions should help you:

How long will it take you to fill a rush order?

How many orders can you fill in a night, assuming you open four hours each

night?

How much of your own and your roommate’s valuable time will it take to fill

each order?

Because your baking trays can hold exactly one dozen cookies, you will produce

and sell cookies by the dozen.

Should you give any discount for people who

order two dozen cookies, three dozen cookies, or more?

If so, how much?

Will it

take you any longer to fill a two-dozen cookie order than a one-dozen cookie

order?

How many electric mixers and baking trays will you need?

Are there any changes you can make in your production plans that will allow you

to make better cookies or more cookies in less time or at lower cost?

For example,

is there a bottleneck operation in your production process that you can expand

cheaply?

What is the effect of adding another oven?

How much would you be

willing to pay to rent an additional oven?

What happens if you are trying to do this by yourself without your roommate?

Should you offer special rates for rush orders?

Suppose you have just put a tray

of cookies into the oven and someone calls up with a “crash priority” order for a

dozen cookies of a different flavor.

Can you fill the priority order while still

fulfilling the order for the cookies that are already in the oven?

If not, how much

of a premium should you charge for filling the rush order?

When should you promise delivery?

How can you look quickly at your order

board (list of pending orders) and tell a caller when his or her order will be ready?

How much of a safety margin for timing should you allow?

10.

What other factors should you consider at this stage of planning your business?

11.

Your product must be made to order because each order is potentially unique.

you decide to sell standard cookies instead, how should you change the

production system?

The order-taking process?

Other policies?

than 20.

n = 26. t = -0.3

P-value =

State the conclusion in

the problem context.

Do not reject the null hypothesis. There

Is not sufficient evidence to conclude that the new paint has a

reflectometer reading higher than 20.

Reject the null

hypothesis. There is sufficient evidence to conclude that the

new paint has a reflectometer reading higher than 20.

Do not

reject the null hypothesis. There is sufficient evidence to

conclude that the new paint has a reflectometer reading

higher than 20.

Reject the null hypothesis. There is not

sufficient evidence to conclude that the new paint has a

reflectometer reading higher than 20.

Upcoming

The end of BIOL201!

This Week:

Aerobic catabolism

(2 classes!)

•

Pyruvate conversion to Acetyl CoA

The Citric Acid Cycle (TCA cycle)

Next Week: Last week! 2 classes!

•

Metabolism II: Plant-specific metabolism

•

Calvin Cycle

•

Plant Secondary Metabolism

The property of spontaneous electrical

rhythmicity, in combination with their electrical

connection to the smooth muscle mass,

imparts to the ICC their role as electrical

pacemaker of the gut.

In GI smooth muscle cells, the baseline

membrane potential is usually -70 to -60

millivolts (mV). Under the influence of the ICC,

the membrane potential fluctuates from this

baseline level by as much as 20 to 30 mV, thus

the depolarization is partial, and the action

potential does not reach 0 mV.

Membrane potentials originated from the ICC

travels from the oral origin to the aboral

(opposite of the oral) direction.

These aborally moving waves or partial

depolarization are called slow waves or the

basic electrical rhythm of the gut.

In the dog, this slow waves occurs about 20

times/minute in the small intestine, while in the

stomach and colon in about 5 times/minute.

The amplitude and in lesser extend the

frequency of the slow waves can be

modulated by the ENS.

The link between slow waves and

muscle contractions, however, is under

control of nervous, endocrine and

paracrine factors.

The common ratio of the terms in a geometric series is 2

(a) State the set of values of

for which the sum to infinity of the series exists.

(2)

(b) If the first term of the series is 35, find the value of

for which the sum to infinity is

40.

(4)

(Total 6 marks)

(a)

Find the sum of the infinite geometric sequence 27, −9, 3, −1, ... .

(3)

(b) Use mathematical induction to prove that for



+ ... +

–1







(7)

(Total 10 marks)

Consider the complex geometric series e





....

(a) Find an expression for

, the common ratio of this series.

(2)

(b) Show that │

│ < 1.

(2)

(d)

(i)

Express your answer to part (c) in terms of sin

and cos

θ.

IB Questionbank Mathematics Higher Level 3rd edition

Positive obligations

under the European Convention

on Human Rights

A guide to the implementation

of the European Convention

on Human Rights

Jean-François Akandji-Kombe

Human rights handbooks, No. 7

(ii)

Hence show that

cos

cos 2

cos 3

+ ... =



cos



(10)

(Total 16 marks)

(a)

(i)

, 2

, 3

...

are

consecutive terms of an AP

with first term

and common difference

so their mean is

)

(

...







M1A1

)

(



(ii)

4 + 2 × 4 + 3 × 4 + ... + 4

)

(



+ 100

)

(



> 2(

+ 1) + 100

+ 2

> 2

+ 102

attempt to solve

(M1)

> 51

so the minimum value of

that satisfies the condition is 8

Note:

Award M1A1(M1)A1 for use of equations if there is a

clear conversion to an inequality.

(b)

(i)



...











IB Questionbank Mathematics Higher Level 3rd edition

In the “Human rights handbooks” series

Directorate General of Human Rights

Council of Europe

F-67075 Strasbourg Cedex

1st printing, January 2007

Printed in Belgium

No. 1:

The right to respect for private

and family life.

A guide to the implemen-

tation of Article 8 of the European Con-

vention on Human Rights (2001)

No. 2:

Freedom of expression.

A guide to

the implementation of Article 10 of the

European Convention on Human Rights

(2001)

No. 3:

The right to a fair trial.

A guide to

the implementation of Article 6 of the

European Convention on Human Rights

(2001; 2nd edition, 2006)

No. 4:

The right to property.

A guide to

the implementation of Article 1 of Proto-

col No. 1 to the European Convention on

Human Rights (2001)

No. 5:

The right to liberty and security

of the person.

A guide to the implemen-

tation of Article 5 of the European Con-

vention on Human Rights (2002)

No. 6:

The prohibition of torture.

guide to the implementation of Article 3

of the European Convention on Human

Rights (2003)

No. 7:

Positive obligations under the

European Convention on Human

Rights.

A guide to the implementation of

the European Convention on Human

Rights (2007)

No. 9:

Freedom of thought, conscience

and religion

. A guide to the implementa-

tion of Article 9 of the European Conven-

tion on Human Rights

(in preparation)

The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the author and do not engage the responsi-

bility of the Council of Europe. They should not be regarded as placing upon the legal instruments

mentioned in it any official interpretation capable of binding the governments of member states,

the Council of Europe’s statutory organs or any organ set up by virtue of the European Convention

on Human Rights.

Metabolism I - Week 12 LOs

…In other words…

Keep doing what we did with glycolysis, as you examine the

rest of the metabolic pathways in lecture and in the problem

sets.

Learn to ‘see’ what’s going on in a given reaction, so that

you can determine:

•

What kind of enzyme catalyzes it (know your definitions!)

•

What co-factors and other reactants/ products should be

included.

The ONLY way to get better at this is to practice

!!!

Slow waves originated from ICC are

constantly travelling through the GI tract,

however, they don’t direct the stimuli for

smooth muscle contraction.

The GI smooth muscle cells contract

in association with action potentials

characterized by complete depolarization.

However, their action potentials only occur in

association with slow waves. Thus, the

presences of slow waves is necessary but not

sufficient to cause muscle contraction.

Peptides and regulatory substances

produced by the ENS and enteric endocrine

and paracrine cells, and secreted in the vicinity

of smooth muscle cells control and coordinate

the modulation of the baseline electrical

potential in the smooth muscle cells.

Excitatory molecules elevate the

baseline (close to zero) and inhibitory

molecules lower it (make it more negative).

When the membrane potential of a

smooth muscle comes close to zero, the action

potential occurs and the muscle contract.

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

I. The general issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7

The concepts surrounding the notion of

positive obligations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7

Positive and negative obligations. . . . . . .10

Positive obligations and the horizontal

effect of the Convention . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14

Types of positive obligation: the

“procedural” and the “substantive” . . . . .16

Ensuring compliance with positive

obligations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17

II. Protection of personal life and

integrity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Substantive obligations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21

Procedural obligations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

III. Protection of private and family life

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

General issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

The positive aspect of respect for private

life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

The positive aspect of respect for family life

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

The positive aspect of respect for the home

and correspondence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

The right to a healthy environment . . . . 47

IV. Protection of pluralism . . . . . . . . . . 48

The holding of free elections . . . . . . . . . . 48

Freedom of expression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Freedom of thought, conscience and

religion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Freedom of assembly and freedom of

association. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51

V. Respect for economic, social and

cultural rights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Right to property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

The right to education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

VI. Promoting equality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

VII. Positive obligations in respect of

procedural safeguards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

General guarantees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Specific guarantees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

Contents

Most enzymes encountered in BIOL201 can be categorized into

one of the following classes of enzymes:

1.Oxidoreductase

catalyzes an oxidation-reduction reaction between two

molecules.

•

Subclass:

Dehydrogenase:

catalyzes a redox reaction involving 2 e- and 1 or 2 H

between 2 molecules, one of which is NAD(P)H/NAD(P)

/FADH

/ FMN

2.Transferase

catalyzes the transfer of functional groups between molecules.

•

Subclass:

Kinase:

catalyzes the transfer of a phosphoryl (phosphate) group

between two molecules, one of which is ATP

3. Hydrolase

catalyzes the transfer of a functional group to H

(i.e. XY + H

XOH + YH)

4. Lyases

catalyze the splitting of 1 molecule into 2 molecules, with nothing else

lost or gained (i.e. not hydrolysis or redox).

•

Subclass:

Synthase

catalyzes the exact opposite

of what a lyase catalyzes.

Synthases catalyze the joining of 2 molecules to make 1 molecule without

ATP

involvement.

5. Isomerase

catalyzes an internal rearrangement/ isomerization.

6. Synthetase/ Ligase

catalyzes the joining of 2 molecules in a rxn using ATP/GTP

Based on information in Table 6-3, and additional information from IUBMB database

Thus the integrated action of slow

waves, ENS, and endocrine/paracrine system

function to synchronize the contractions of the

GI muscle mass.

For the muscle to perform efficiently,

all or many of the muscle cells in one layer of a

segment of gut must be synchronized to

contract simultaneously.

The muscle contractions can occur at

a frequency no higher than the frequency of the

slow waves.

For example, in the dog stomach, the

frequency of slow waves is 5 times/min.

So in

a minute could be 0, 1, 2,

up to 5 action

potentials per minute, but not more because

there is not more slow waves.

The motility patterns of the gut vary in

complexity accordingly to sections of the GI

tract.

EITHER









































M1A1

attempt to simplify

)

(

)

(

)

(







)

(



Var(

) =









M1A1

attempt to simplify

Var(

) =

)

(





























)

(







IB Questionbank Mathematics Higher Level 3rd edition

Before digestion can begin, food

must be directed into the GI tract.

To ingest food, quadruped animals

must first grasp it with the lips, teeth or tongue.

This involves highly coordinated activity of

small, voluntary facial skeletal muscles.

The exact method for food

prehension varies greatly among different

species. Horses use their lips extensively,

whereas cattle use their tongues for grasping

food. In all animals however, this is a highly

coordinated process involving direct control by

the CNS. The facial nerve, the

glossopharyngeal nerve, the motor branch of

the trigeminal nerves control the muscles of

prehension.

Mastication or chewing involves the

action of the jaws, tongue and cheeks and is

the first act of digestion. During mastication the

food is break down into particles small enough

to pass into the esophagus but also is moisten

and lubricate thoroughly mixing with saliva.

(ii)









attempt to solve





, as

> 0

so, then the set has 2

numbers,

, ...,

from which the first

are all 0 and the last

are all 1

(M1)

hence the value of the median is





[17]

(a)

= 81

)

(







M1A1



27 = 2

= 231

)

(

231







M1A1



21 =

+ 5

solving simultaneously,

= 6,

= 3

A1A1

(b)

= 1

= 5



(

) +

(1 +

) = 5









obtaining

– 4 = 0



= 2 (since all terms are positive)

(c)

term is 3

+ 3

term is



+ 1) ×

–1

= (

+ 1)2

–1

M1AG

IB Questionbank Mathematics Higher Level 3rd edition

Synthases

AND

synthetases

build more complicated

molecules from simpler reactants. For the purposes of

BIOL201, use the following:

If no ATP/ GTP involvement, call it a

synthase

The opposite of this reaction is catalyzed by a

lyase

If ATP/ GTP is involved, call it a

synthetase

Note:

we do not have a name for the opposite of a

synthetase reaction. If it looks like it’s the opposite

of a synthetase, then also call it a synthetase.

Synthases

and

synthetases

are the most confusing

nomenclature in BIOL201!!!

***Important note about synthases and synthetases!

COUNCIL OF EUROPE HUMAN RIGHTS HANDBOOKS SERIES

Notice

This booklet is aimed at legal practitioners who may be

required to implement the European Convention on Human

Rights (“the Convention”), to cite its provisions or to train

others to do so. Unlike the other booklets in this series, it

does not deal with an individual right or article. Rather, it

covers a specific category of obligations which result from

the substantive provisions of the Convention taken as a

whole. These are the

positive obligations

. Like the negative

obligations, they form part of the rights guaranteed; and

observing these rights goes hand in hand with observing the

Convention. It is therefore essential to be familiar with these

obligations and what they involve.

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