Chapter 8 - evaluating risk and fear exercise-1
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Chapter 8
Topic: Data Analysis
Title: Evaluating Risk and Fear
Psychologists have long been interested in how we perceive different risks around us. When we evaluate
environmental hazards how do we assess known factors, uncertain risks, and the unfamiliarity of new factors we
encounter? Which considerations weigh most heavily in our decisions and our actions as we try to avoid
environmental risks? The figure below plots responses that have been found to different types of risk. Examine this
figure and answer the questions below to explore this issue.
Questions:
1. On this graph, which represents widely held attitudes found in opinion surveys, what does the Y-axis represent?
What does the X axis represent?
The Y-axis in the graph represents the "Dread Level," which signifies the emotional impact or fear associated with a
particular risk.
The X-axis represents the "Unknown Risk/Mystery," indicating the level of uncertainty or unfamiliarity related to a risk.
2. Compare the “dread level” of alcohol-related accidents and commercial aviation. Which of these is actually likely
to occur most often?
While commercial aviation is statistically safer, it has a higher "Dread Level" compared to alcohol-related accidents.
This is because aviation accidents often evoke more fear and emotional response despite being less likely to
occur.
3. Which is higher on the “mystery” (Y) axis, auto accidents, vaccines, or water fluoridation? Does familiarity of risks
tend to correspond to likelihood of harm from those risks?
Water fluoridation tends to be higher on the "Mystery" axis, indicating that it is perceived as less familiar or more
uncertain. Auto accidents and vaccines are considered more familiar. Familiarity does not always correspond to
the likelihood of harm, as seen in the graph.
4. Take a look at the different risks in the figure. Make a list of about five that you consider most dangerous. Then
list about five that you think are least dangerous.
Do most of your most dangerous activities/items fall into one quadrant? What are the axes of the graph? Do the
ideas on the axes help explain why you consider some activities more dangerous than others?
Most Dangerous:
Nuclear power, nuclear waste, pesticides, genetically engineered foods, and industrial
pollution.
Least Dangerous:
Drinking caffeine, riding in a car, riding a bicycle, getting vaccinated, and drinking
alcohol.
The activities do not fall into one quadrant exclusively. The axes represent "Dread Level" (Y) and
"Mystery/Unknown Risk" (X), influencing perceptions of danger.
5. Are there other factors that help explain why you consider certain activities dangerous and others relatively safe?
What are those other factors? If you compare your list to other peoples’ lists, are they similar or different?
Other factors influencing perceptions include media coverage, personal experiences, and cultural beliefs. Some
risks may be exaggerated or downplayed based on these factors.
Comparing lists with others may reveal differences influenced by individual experiences, cultural backgrounds,
and exposure to information.
Notice that things such as genetically engineered foods or nuclear waste, which have high levels of both mystery and
dread, tend to be regarded with the greatest fear, while familiar, voluntary, personally rewarding behaviors such as riding
in automobiles or on bicycles, or drinking alcohol are thought to be relatively minor risks. Actuarial experts (statisticians
who gather mortality data) would tell you that automobiles, alcohol, and automobile encounters with bicycles have killed
far more people (so far) than genetically modified foods or radioactive waste. But this isn’t just a question of data. It’s a
reflection of how much we fear various risks.
The graph reflects the disconnect between public perception and actual statistical risks. Fear is
subjective and often driven by emotional responses rather than statistical data.
Understanding how people perceive and evaluate risks is crucial for effective risk communication
and public policy.
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