AE341_LabReport_Template

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Pipe Network Energy Losses AE: 341 Fluid Mechanics Laboratory. Section 1006 Author Allan Valdez Instructor Mohammad Amine Abassi November 16, 2023

Pipe Network Energy Losses Allan Valdez i Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................................ 1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 1 Theory .............................................................................................................................................. 1 Procedure and Equipment ................................................................................................................ 2 Results and discussion ..................................................................................................................... 4 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................... 6 Acknowledgements (Example) ........................................................................................................ 7 References ........................................................................................................................................ 8 Appendices ...................................................................................................................................... 9 Annex ............................................................................................................................................. 11 Table of Figures Figure 1: H1D Volumetric Hydraulic Bench. Source:.(2) ............................................................... 2 Figure 2: This is a bad formatted plot .............................................................................................. 4 Figure 3: Better formatted plot. Show theoretical curve, experimental data points, regression curve and its equation. There is a title and axis are labeled ............................................................. 6

Pipe Network Energy Losses Allan Valdez 1 Abstract This lab report evaluates a pipe network with changing fittings to analyze the various minor losses. Each fitting has a theoretical loss coefficient determined experimentally with this pipe network. The result demonstrated that the experimental results are about the same as the accepted values for each fitting. Nomenclature : K Fitting loss coefficient h L Head Loss V Velocity g Gravity constant f Time. L Length D Diameter Introduction This experiment is named Pipe Network Energy Losses. The objective is to examine the loss coefficients of various fittings in pipe flow and to compare these values with the accepted values [ CITATION Moh23 \l 1033 ]. The purpose of this lab is to utilize an adjusted Bernoulli equation that accounts for head loss, the pipe network dimensions, and the measured flow rate to calculate the loss coefficient for each fitting. This lab was completed on November 9, 2023, by Allan Valdez as a requirement for a fluid mechanics laboratory course at San Diego State University.

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Pipe Network Energy Losses Allan Valdez 2 The introduction begins by stating the name of the experiment. The objective statement from the experiment handout is repeated, preceded by “The purpose of this lab is……” The name of the person performing the experiment is stated along with the location and date. The fact that it was a requirement for this course is stated. (1) Theory In this experiment, a pipe network with a mitre, a small radius bend, an enlargement, a contraction, and a large radius bend are analyzed for the energy losses occurring. The pipe network is a simple example of the various pipe fittings used in everyday fluid transportation. The fittings are separated from the straight portion of pipping since the losses occurring are different. The straight portion are major losses while the fittings are minor losses. The minor losses produce proportional loss coefficients to the defining geometry of the fitting. For example, the enlargement’s loss coefficient is proportional to the area of the small area pipe divided by the large area pipe. Accepted values for various fitting geometry is published. This section discusses the theory and accepted empirical data used for the experiment, briefly but completely. All equations used are included, with definition of all terms. The way in which the lab results are used to compare with the theory is described. Derivations of equations from textbooks are not included. However, if you derive the equations by yourself, you need to list the derivation in the Appendix section (1). The equations must be typed, do not use photos, scans from equations, generated by a mathematical interpreter of your preference; also they must be numbered. For example equation 1 is a very important equation, and equation 2 is a more general form of Equation.

Pipe Network Energy Losses Allan Valdez 3 ⃗ F = m∙ ⃗ a equation 1 ⃗ F = d ( m∙ ⃗ V ) dt equation 2 Procedure and Equipment The equipment used is described, including device and manufacturer names. Drawings, identified by figure numbers, are appropriate. The procedure needs to be described in detail (1). Even though picture may be appropriate to describe the equipment usually it is not enough, you should describe the main features of the equipment and setting that may affect the experiment outcome. Figure 1: H1D Volumetric Hydraulic Bench.. Adapted from ref. (2) Figure 1 shows the H1D volumetric hydraulic bench manufactured by TecEquipment. Only show a picture is not enough, other information may be relevant for the experiment for example: Equipment: Volumetric Hydraulic Bench

Pipe Network Energy Losses Allan Valdez 4 Manufacturer. TecEquipment Model. H1D Sump Tank capacity. 160 Liters. Collecting Tank capacity 35 Liters. Pump capacity 0 to 60 liters/minute at 1.5 m head Adapted from ref. (2). Results and discussion Reynolds number based on the characteristic length and the associated flow speed tested needs to be presented. Experimental results are described, usually by referring to appropriately labeled graphs or tables. Reason for deviation from expected values are discussed. Important features such as scatter, bias and slope should also be addressed (1). When showing your data by means of graphs keep in mind that most of times people will print your report using black and white colors or grayscale, if the only distinction among your data is line color it may become undistinguishable when printed. Figure 2 is an example of a bad formatted figure. You can see the borders contain information not relevant to present the data, as Matlab® figure headers and computer background information. In order to avoid this unwanted information use the options for export or save the figures provided by the software. Other important problems you may notice on Figure 2 are listed below: 1. There is no legend, it is not possible to know what each curve represents. 2. There is no title. 3. The axis has no label nor units. 4. Axis ticks are bad formatted, it makes the data harder to read.

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Pipe Network Energy Losses Allan Valdez 5 Figure 2: This is a bad formatted plot. Figure 3 presents a better formatted figure. The figure has a clean presentation and some points are highlighted: Data: The theoretical curve is represented by a dashed line and the regression line is presented by a solid line making them distinguishable even if printed in black and white. The experimental data points are presented by circles and the regression line equation are also presented and is linked to the regression curve by an arrow. Note that the number of digits for the equation must be adequate for the experiment accuracy.

Pipe Network Energy Losses Allan Valdez 6 Legend: The legend must describe in very short space the data and symbols used on the figure, also must be placed easy to find and with the least interference with data. Axis: It must be labeled in a meaningful way and must have the units used to represent the data. The axis tick labels must be easy to read too many ticks and/or too many digits make harder to a fast data assessment, grid lines, not excessively dense, are useful to assess data. For more information on how to present figures and tables see reference (3) and for more information about structuring and writing a report see reference (4). Figure 3: Better formatted plot. Shows theoretical curve, experimental data points, regression curve and its equation. There is a title and axis are labeled. Conclusion Briefly summarize your conclusion or concluding remarks. If you have suggestions on the improvement of the experiment, briefly stated in this section (1).

Pipe Network Energy Losses Allan Valdez 7 When presenting your conclusions, and results, avoid words and sentences as: “great accuracy”, “good results”, “minimal error”, and, “results are good. You need to be objective and support your conclusions using your experimental results and calculations. Acknowledgements (Example) All experimental data were collected with the assistance of [group members]. We thank San Diego State University for providing the necessary facilities, and [Instructor name] for the insightful instructions.

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Pipe Network Energy Losses Allan Valdez 8 References. 1. Liu X. Guidance for Writing Reports, AE 341 Lab. 2017. p. 2. 2. H1D Volumetric Hydraulic Bench Data Sheet [Internet]. p. 1–3. Available from: www.tecquipment.com 3. Borja A. 11 steps to structuring a science paper editors will take seriously [Internet]. 11- steps-to-structuring-a-science-paper-editors-will-take-seriously. 2014 [cited 2017 Feb 28]. Available from: https://www.elsevier.com/connect/11-steps-to-structuring-a-science- paper-editors-will-take-seriously# 4. Writing a journal manuscript [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2017 Feb 28]. Available from: http://www.springer.com/us/authors-editors/authorandreviewertutorials/writing-a-journal- manuscript

Appendices This section may contain (1):  Derivation of equations.  Calculations, either by hand or aided by a computer code (Matlab) or procedure  (Excel) written by yourself.  Original data/result sheet.  Your answer to homework questions.  Computer code written by yourself, if there is any.  Etc.

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