EMT1150_Lab3 - Resistors and Multimeter measurements(1)
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EMT1150 Lab Manual (08/2020)
1 |
P a g e
EMT1150 Lab Experiment 3
Resistors and Multimeter measurements
Objective:
To determine the Nominal (marked) value of the resistor by using the
Color Code system. Use a Multimeter to measure the resistance value within a
circuit.
3.1
Resistors and Color Coding
3.1.1 Resistance
Resistors are electronic components that introduce a specific amount of resistance into electric
circuits. If you went to the store to buy a resistor you would have to know the required power
rating, the required resistance value, the tolerance you can allow, and the material that the resistor
should be made of.
The power rating of a resistor is an indication of how hot the resistor can get before burning up.
Power rating is expressed in watts. Some common power ratings range from 200W down to 1/8
W. Usually, the power rating of a resistor is directly proportional to the physical size of the resistor:
the higher the power rating, the bigger the physical size of the resistor. Carbon composition
resistors are very popular. These resistors come in power ratings of 2W, 1W, 1/2W, 1/4W and
1/8W. The 2W resistor is as thick as a pencil while the 1/8W resistor is the size of a grain of rice.
Table 3.1 shows the different size of resistors and its respective power rating.
The resistor is usually identified by the letter R and either another letter or a number. Its resistance
value is written next to it. The unit for the resistance value is the
ohm
, which is represented by
upper case Greek omega (
Ω
). It is customary to use the omega next to resistor values smaller than
1,000 ohms. Resistor values in the 1,000-ohm range or bigger are usually shown without the ohm
symbol. Examples:
10
Ω
, 330
Ω
, 1.2 k
Ω
, 1 M
Ω
.
Resistors and Power Rating
1/8 W resistor
¼ W resistor
½ W resistor
1 W resistor
2 W resistor
5 W resistor
Table 3.1 – Resistors with difference power rating
EMT1150 Lab Manual (08/2020)
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3.1.2 Resistor Color Code
The value of the resistor in ohms and its tolerance are usually indicated by several bands of color
grouped together on the left side of the resistor body.
Most resistor has 4 bands together, the first
and second band indicate the first two significant figures of the resistor value, the third band
indicates the multiplier and the fourth band indicates the tolerance. Usually, the first three bands
are close together and the fourth band is a little bit apart.
Figure 3.1 Resistor with four color bands
Resistors that have more than four colors, the other colors usually indicate the reliability (failure
rate) of the resistor in % over 1000 hours of operation. It means how many resistors out of 100
will change their values to fall outside the allowed tolerance range after 1000 hours of operation.
Also, some resistors with five colors means that the three first colors are the three resistance digit
respectively, the forth color is the multiplier, and the fifth band is the tolerance.
In order to indicate resistor values, manufacturers agreed to use the following value for each color:
Value
Color
Tolerance
Color
0
Black
20%
No color
1
Brown
10%
Silver
2
Red
5%
Gold
3
Orange
4%
Yellow
4
Yellow
3%
Orange
5
Green
2%
Red
6
Blue
1%
Brown
7
Violet
0.5%
Green
8
Gray
0.25%
Blue
9
White
0.1%
Violet
0.1
Gold
0.005%
Gray
0.01
Silver
Table 3.2 Color code for resistance value
Table 3.3
Color code for tolerance
Example 3.1 – Finding the resistance value using color coding
For the following resistor,
read the resistance value of the following resistor and
find the lowest and highest resistance value
4th band
1st band
2nd band
3rd band
EMT1150 Lab Manual (08/2020)
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Solution:
Identify the order of the color band and read the equivalent value for each color:
-
1
st
band
= Blue
=
6
-
2
nd
band = Gray
=
8
-
3
rd
band = Red
=
2
-
4
th
band = Gold
=
+ 5%
Combining all digits together, we have
6
8
×
10
2
+
5% Ω
Converting the value in engineering notation, we have
6 .
8
×
10
2+1
=
6.
8
×
10
3
6.8 k
Ω
+ 5% (Actual resistance value)
To find the lowest and the highest resistance, we find the tolerance resistance first:
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇
= 5%
𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜
6.8
𝑘𝑘Ω
=
�
5
100
�
× 6.8
𝑘𝑘Ω
=
𝟎𝟎
.
𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
𝒌𝒌𝛀𝛀
Lowest resistance
= actual resistance – tolerance resistance = 6.8
kΩ
–
0.34 kΩ =
6.46
kΩ
Highest resistance
= actual resistance + tolerance resistance = 6.8 kΩ + 0.34 kΩ =
7.14
kΩ
3.2 Multimeter
Digital Multimeter (DMM) are the most common piece of electrical test equipment. They have the
ability to measure voltage, current, resistance, and often many other function such as checking the
reverse biasing of a diode.
Understand the multimeter parts
Multimeter typically has a set of terminal sockets marked as VΩ, A, COM, and a function selector
switch, measure dial, or set of push buttons to select ranges and measurement functions as shown
in Figures.
Terminal socket
VΩ
stands for Volts and Ohms, which are the electrical unit of voltage and
resistance, respectively. This terminal is used to measure voltage and
resistance. Terminal
A
stands for Ampere, which is the unit for electric
current. This terminal is used to measure current. Some multimeters have
mAVΩ
in one socket and some others have them separated as
VΩ
and
A.
The terminal
COM
stands for common terminal and it is the common
terminal for all measurements.
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