PSY 555 Exam 3 Essay Questions_Martha Ramsey (1)

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1 PSY 555 Exam 3 Essay Questions PSY 555 Exam 3 Essay Questions Answer each of the following 10 questions in no more than one paragraph each. Be sure to provide clear examples to support your points. Each question is worth 10 points. 1) Describe how the physical dimensions of light correspond to the psychological dimensions of light. The physical dimensions of light describe the properties of light that can be measured, such as intensity, angle of incidence, direction, and spectrum. On the other hand, psychological dimensions of light describe how these properties affect how we perceive
2 light. For instance, different intensities of light can create different moods, such as direct sunlight giving a feeling of energy and life. In contrast, dim, diffused light creates a more calming, relaxed atmosphere (Carlson & Birkett, 2021). Similarly, the direction of light impacts our perception. For instance, indirect lighting can make an otherwise small room appear larger and more inviting, while direct lighting can be harsh and overwhelming. All of these psychological dimensions of light are created through the physical properties of light, allowing us to understand how our perception of light can be improved or changed with adjustments to its physical dimensions. 2) Compare and contrast the visual functions of rods and cones. Rods and cones are photoreceptor cells within the retina that mediate the visual perception atmosphere (Carlson & Birkett, 2021). Rods, which are more plentiful in the retina than cones, are sensitive to low light levels and are responsible for black-and-white and peripheral vision. They contain only one type of pigment, rhodopsin, and provide sharp details when viewing a brightly illuminated object. Conversely, cones require more significant amounts of light to be activated and are largely responsible for color vision. They contain three pigments, red, green, and blue, which enable them to discriminate between three primary colors, red, yellow, and blue, and lead to the perception of all other colors. Together, the roles of rods and cones contribute to the richness and complexity of sight.
3 3) Explain how the receptor potential produced in a photoreceptor by light generates action potentials within the retina. The initial event that occurs when a photoreceptor is exposed to light generates a receptor potential. This electrical signal arises from changes in membrane ionic conductance in response to the influx of photons. In photoreceptors, depolarization of the membrane polarizes the receptor to some level of potential in direct proportion to the amount of light received. On the other hand, action potentials, also known as spike potentials, are similar to graded potentials in that they are propagated through neurons. Still, they differ in that they are discrete events resulting from a sudden, rapid, and significant membrane potential depolarization atmosphere (Carlson & Birkett, 2021). A large enough receptor potential in a photoreceptor will trigger an action potential by opening voltage-gated sodium channels. This allows an influx of sodium ions to enter the cell and cause a sudden and large enough depolarization, stimulating the opening of voltage-gated potassium channels. 4) Explain the organization of neurons into modules in the striate cortex. The striate cortex is a tightly organized area in the brain that receives visual information and is responsible for early visual processing. Neurons within V1 are organized into different functional modules, such as orientation-selective, direction-selective, and color- selective cells (Zeki & Leff, 2021). These neurons are also arranged so that each module forms a discrete column vertically and horizontally aligned with other modules. The
4 organization of neurons into these modules helps the brain process visual information quickly and efficiently, allowing it to quickly detect patterns, recognize objects, and react to environmental changes. 5) Compare and contrast the anatomy and function of the dorsal and ventral streams. The dorsal and ventral streams refer to two distinct processing pathways in the visual system. The dorsal stream, the "where" pathway, is responsible for the special processing of visual stimuli and controlling body movement and navigation (Micheletti et al., 2021). This pathway starts in the primary visual cortex and passes through the parietal lobe and into the premotor cortex. The ventral stream, the "what" pathway, is responsible for object recognition and identification. It starts in the primary visual cortex and passes through the temporal lobe and into the inferior temporal cortex. While both streams are part of the same visual system, they are responsible for different functions. The dorsal stream processes visual data to guide movement, while the ventral stream recognizes objects, colors, and shapes (Micheletti et al., 2021). Anatomically, the two streams travel throughout different areas of the brain. For example, the dorsal stream passes through the parietal lobe and into the premotor cortex, while the ventral stream passes through the temporal lobe and into the inferior temporal cortex. 6) Compare and contrast the roles of the LH and VMH for the modulation of eating. The Lateral Hypothalamus (LH) and the Ventromedial Hypothalamus (VMH) play similar yet distinct roles in the modulation of eating. Both nuclei contain neurons directly
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