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Literature Review Morgan E. Garrett School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Capella University PSY-7711: Measurement and Research in ABA Professor Keisha Moeller August 13 th , 2023 1

Literature Review Template Complete the following after finding your four articles. Article 1 2

APA-formatted reference: Davis, T. N., Weston, R., Hodges, A., Uptegrove, L., Williams, K., & Schieltz, K. M. (2018). Functional Communication Training and Demand Fading Using Concurrent Schedules of Reinforcement. Journal of Behavioral Education, 27 (3), 343-357. https://doi- org.library.capella.edu/10.1007/s10864-017-9289-0 Dependent Variable The dependent variable presented in this study was aggression. This included hitting, kicking, pencil stabbing, biting, and eye gouging. Independent Variable The independent variable presented in this study was functional communication training (FCT) and demand fading. In this study FCT was used as a replacement behavior and was used to teach the participants to request all done, a break, or any other functionally equivalent two-word or longer phrase instead of engaging in aggression (Davis, T.N. et al., 2018). Single-Subject Design The single-subject design that was used for this study was an ABABC design, with the C phase representing demand fading. Baseline, FCT, and demand fading sessions were 5 minutes in duration each. Data Collection Procedure and Interobserver Agreement Method A functional analysis was done before the study began to determine the function of the participants aggression. It was found that the participants aggression was being maintained by negative reinforcement of escaping tasks. Data was collected in this study by measuring all attempted and completed aggression instances. The dependent variable was measured using a partial interval recording system, each interval was 10 seconds. Functional communication response was measured in 10 second intervals using a partial interval recording system. Task completion was defined by research as the number of upper- or lower-case letters written legibly on lined paper, data was collected using a frequency count. Researchers in this study used an exact count per interval IOA method. The observer attended 83 percent of the trail sessions (Davis, T.N. et al., 2018). Interobserver agreement (IOA) for aggression and communication was calculated by the number of intervals in which both observers agreed divided by the total number of intervals and then converting it to a percentage (Davis, T.N. et al., 2018). Interobserver agreement for task completion was calculated by dividing the smaller number of observed occurrences by the larger number of observed occurrences and then converted it into a percentage. Validity This study lacks external validity because the study consisted of one participant. Due to the study only including one participant it does not show any generalization to other people or settings. This study could be replicated and include additional participants, different ages, and in different settings to rove external validity. Though this study lacked external validity, 3

internal validity was shown. Internal validity was shown by the connection of the two variables. The participants aggression decreased, and the participants functional communication responses increased when the treatment was implemented. Though FCT was effective at reducing the targeted behavior, it lacked social validity because the task completion remained unaffected (Davis, T.N. et al., 2018). Implementing a replacement behavior and providing a safer way to achieve the same outcomes, will positively benefit and increase quality of life for the participant. Functional communication and demand fading are both evidence-based interventions with thorough research. Conclusions The results from the study are consistent with previous findings and research related to FCT and limitations for negatively reinforced problem behaviors. During the baseline phase aggression was seen at high rates. During FCT intervention problem behavior quickly decreased and was seen at a rate below ten percent but functional communication responses were emitted so often that the participant never completed a single task. When the intervention was removed the rate of aggressive behavior increased to higher levels then seen in baseline. Demand fading was implemented and addressed limitations that were seen with functional communication training. Escape extinction was eliminated within this study but It was concluded by the researches that concurrent schedules of reinforcement paired with functional communication training would be an alternative to using escape extinction while implementing demand fading procedures. It was concluded that concurrent schedules of reinforcement are a viable treatment component to demand fading (Davis, T.N. et al., 2018). Article 2 4

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