How Does Parenting Styles Effect Socioemotional

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1 How Does Parenting Styles Effect Socioemotional Development in Early Childhood Jessica Martinez Department of Psychology, Cerritos College PSYC251-313460-LEC: Developmental Psychology Dr. Alabi 12/11/2022

2 How Does Parenting Styles Effect Socioemotional Development in Early Childhood Barber, B. K. (1996). Parental Psychological Control: Revisiting a Neglected Construct. Child Development , 67 (6), 3296–3319. https://doi.org/10.2307/1131780 This article makes the case for the need of explicitly concentrating on the idea of parental psychological control of children in socialization research. The meaning of control is when parents invalidate and manipulate a child’s emotional experience. The study had three basic purposes: (1) to show that psychological control could be reliable and measured, (2) to confirm its salience to aspects of youth development and (3) to determine whether psychological control would be associated specifically with youth internalized issues. According to the study, psychological control is a highly important predictor of adolescent problem behaviors. The connections it has with depression and antisocial behavior are important because they are effects of the youth’s position in social strata. Barber concludes that there is still more work to be done on parenting practices; Especially, practices that allow their child to feel validated of their feelings. Chung, S., Zhou, Q., Anicama, C., Rivera, C., & Uchikoshi, Y. (2019). Language Proficiency, Parenting Styles, and Socioemotional Adjustment of Young Dual Language Learners. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology , 50 (7), 896–914. https://doi- org.libproxy.calbaptist.edu/10.1177/0022022119867394 This article focused on dual language learners, which was important to consider since 32% of all children in the US have one parent that speaks a different language, (Chung, 2019). Adding on, the article addresses two types of races: Hispanics and Chinese and how their culture influences their parenting style. It was found that authoritative parenting was associated with children having lower externalizing problems and higher

3 How Does Parenting Styles Effect Socioemotional Development in Early Childhood prosocial behavior. The article also discussed how having a parent that does not speak the same language as their child effects the relationship. If children cannot communicate with their parents, they will not be able to form that bond and parents will not understand how their child can express themselves. The result of this is children will struggle when trying to form relationships with their peers and may develop anxiety. Elizabeth M Westrupp, Jacqui A Macdonald, Clair Bennett, Sophie Havighurst, Christiane E Kehoe, Denise Foley, Tomer S Berkowitz, Gabriella Louise King, & George J Youssef. (2020). The Child and Parent Emotion Study: protocol for a longitudinal study of parent emotion socialisation and child socioemotional development. BMJ Open , 10 (10). https://doi-org.libproxy.calbaptist.edu/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038124 Emotion competence refers to the ability to recognize, understand, effectively regulate, and manage the expression of emotions. These skills are foundational and underpin lifelong well-being and mental health; By determining our ability to form/maintain relationships, manage conflict, and navigate the challenges of daily life. Difficulties with emotion regulation are linked to child internalizing and externalizing problems, to peer rejection, anti-social behavior, and suicide risk. These associations are known to persist into later life, where adults with poor self-regulation are more likely to have mental health problems. Measures include validated parent-report tools assessing parent emotion socialization ( i.e. parent beliefs, the family emotional climate and parent emotion regulation) and age-sensitive measures of child outcome ( i.e. emotion regulation and socioemotional adjustment).

4 How Does Parenting Styles Effect Socioemotional Development in Early Childhood Gallagher, K. C. (2002). Does child temperament moderate the influence of parenting on adjustment?Â Developmental Review ,Â 22 (4), 623â€“643. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0273- 2297(02)00503-8Â Gallagher explains in her article that results of child adjustment are tangentially correlated with parental socialization and child temperament. The main effect models have produced useful data, but they are unable to explain the mechanisms through which adjustment takes place. It is argued that parental influences on a child's adjustment are tempered by the behavioral traits of the child. One of the findings demonstrated that when children are more difficult and are not able to manage their emotional experience, it is associated with negative parenting. However, parents feel the need to set boundaries and choose harsh parenting styles to ‘control’ their child. Gallagher suggests the best way to handle child temperament is for parents to spend time with their child and recognize their emotions and behavior. Groh, A. M., Fearon, R. M. P., IJzendoorn, M. H., Bakermans, K. M. J., & Roisman, G. I. (2017). Attachment in the Early Life Course: Meta-Analytic Evidence for Its Role in Socioemotional Development. Child Development Perspectives , 11 (1), 70–76. https://doi- org.libproxy.calbaptist.edu/10.1111/cdep.12213 Questions arise on the topic of attachment theory and if there is any evidence that can support claims brought up by the theory. One of the claims that is brought up is whether attachment early on in a child's life can have positive or negative changes throughout their young life. Attachment theory is the theory that humans are born with a need to form a close emotional bond with a caregiver. Experiences in a child’s life contains

5 How Does Parenting Styles Effect Socioemotional Development in Early Childhood insensitivity and sensitivity, which can change a child perception of themselves, other people, and changes in their own development. Adding on, the theory makes a claim that a child’s early bond can be determined through their own individual characteristics that can decided the best socioemotional outcome. Now meta-analysis came up with evidence to support the claim that attachment security is not associated with a child’s temperament, but it can have a long-term effect on a child’s socioemotional development. Lionetti, F., Aron, E. N., Aron, A., Klein, D. N., & Pluess, M. (2019). Observer-Rated Environmental Sensitivity Moderates Children’s Response to Parenting Quality in Early Childhood. Developmental Psychology , 55 (11), 2389–2402. https://doi- org.libproxy.calbaptist.edu/10.1037/dev0000795 Parental care influences a child's socioemotional and cognitive development; it is one of the most powerful, reliable, and consistent indicators of a child development. Some children are more sensitive to their surroundings than others and according to a few developmental theories most of the empirical data to support these beliefs is based on distant markers of sensitivity. This study offers proof that environmental sensitivity can moderate the impact of parenting on young children's development, based on behaviorally obscured environmental sensitivity. The research implies that due to individual variations in sensitivity, not all children are equally sensitive to the effect of environmental quality. Some being more vulnerable to adversity, but also more likely to thrive when exposed to favorable environmental conditions. Furthermore, psychometrically does not entirely overlap with other temperamental qualities associated

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